Inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase
(iNOS), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and prostaglandin (PEG) are widely known as major
targets in discovering natural anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of inflammationrelated diseases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and
aspirin are mostly used at present, however, some NSAIDS have been reported to cause
gastrointestinal side effect due to ligand-protein interaction. Molecular docking is a
promising tool to study such modes of interaction. In this study, we evaluated the potential
use of anthocyanin and ternatin flavonoids as natural anti-inflammatory agents for
treatment of inflammatory-related diseases using in silico molecular docking assay.
Automated docking study using Protein-Ligand ANT System (PLANTS) and AutoDock
Vina was performed with various ligand molecules, including ibuprofen, anthocyanin, and
ternatin against the protein crystal structures of COX-1, COX-2, iNOS, and MPO. The in
silico data demonstrated that ibuprofen bound effectively to the active site of COX-1 and
MPO with minimum binding energy, yet the compound required more energy to bind the
active site of COX-2. Ternatin flavonoid was bound to COX-2 and iNOS with minimum
binding energy. In terms of binding energy, anthocyanin flavonoid was found to be
effective for inhibiting COX-1, COX-2, and iNOS. These results suggested that
anthocyanin and ternatin flavonoids may potentially be developed as anti-inflammatory
drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.