The permselectivity and water transference number of ion exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis

Zlotorowicz, Agnieszka; Strand, Robin Viktor; Burheim, Odne Stokke; Wilhelmsen, Øivind; Kjelstrup, Signe

doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.003

Cited by 88 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Other water treatment processes under development include Donnan dialysis to remove harmful pollutants and scaling species from water/wastewater streams [7][8][9] and ion exchange membrane bioreactor to combine the benefits of IEMs with biological treatment for groundwater remediation and water/wastewater treatment [10][11][12]. Driven by the need for sustainable energy generation and storage, innovative applications under development include fuel cells, water electrolysis, reverse electrodialysis and redox flow batteries [5,[13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the synthesis and characterization of anion exchange membranes

2018

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This review highlights advancements made in anion exchange membrane (AEM) head groups, polymer structures and membrane synthesis methods. Limitations of current analytical techniques for characterizing AEMs are also discussed. AEM research is primarily driven by the need to develop suitable AEMs for the high-pH and high-temperature environments in anion exchange membrane fuel cells and anion exchange membrane water electrolysis applications. AEM head groups can be broadly classified as nitrogen based (e.g. quaternary ammonium), nitrogen free (e.g. phosphonium) and metal cations (e.g. ruthenium). Metal cation head groups show great promise for AEM due to their high stability and high valency. Through ''rational polymer architecture'', it is possible to synthesize AEMs with ion channels and improved chemical stability. Heterogeneous membranes using porous supports or inorganic nanoparticles show great promise due to the ability to tune membrane characteristics based on the ratio of polymer to porou2s support or nanoparticles. Future research should investigate consolidating advancements in AEM head groups with an optimized polymer structure in heterogeneous membranes to bring together the valuable characteristics gained from using head groups with improved chemical stability, with the benefits of a polymer structure with ion channels and improved membrane properties from using a porous support or nanoparticles. AbbreviationsAAEM Alkaline anion exchange membrane AEM Anion exchange membrane AEMFC Anion exchange membrane fuel cell AEMWE Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis CEM Cation exchange membrane DSC Differential scanning calorimetry IEC Ion exchange capacity (mmol/g) IEM Ion exchange membrane PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the synthesis and characterization of anion exchange membranes

2018

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“…The permselectivity of the membranes expresses the capability to discriminate between two ions with different charge. It is highly dependent on solution concentration and transport number of salt and water but less dependent on solution temperature [10]. c c and c d , and γ c and γ d are the molarity and activity coefficients of the concentrated and dilute solution, respectively.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given a higher flux of counterions than co-ions, the water transported due to electroosmosis will flow from the concentrated to the dilute solution, thus increasing the permselectivity. The permselectivity for an ion exchange membrane (IEM) is given in Equations (3) and (4) (modified from Reference [10] to be valid for concentrations higher than 0.6 M; see Appendix A for a detailed derivation):…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zlotorowicz et al [10] measured the transport number of water and salt in the membranes FAD-PET-75 and FKD-PET-75 from Fumatech at a concentration up to 0.6 M, where the transport numbers of salt were 0.93 and 0.998 for CEM and AEM, respectively. Długołecki et al [15] modelled the transport number of salt in the same membranes as used by Zlotorowicz et al, where linear regression gives the following salt transport numbers for FKS and FAD from Fumatech:…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The power output from an EESS is highly dependent on the concentration difference between the two solutions [8,9], where higher difference results in higher power density. However, the membranes available for an EESS are mostly used for naturally occurring concentrations and salts (seawater and river water) [10], while higher concentrations are relevant for a closed system. This paper will compare the performance of EESS at two temperatures, where the power density and efficiency are chosen as parameters describing the performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis

et al. 2020

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Reverse electrodialysis and electrodialysis can be combined into a closed energy storage system, allowing for storing surplus energy through a salinity difference between two solutions. A closed system benefits from simple temperature control, the ability to use higher salt concentrations and mitigation of membrane fouling. In this work, the permselectivity of two membranes from Fumatech, FAS-50 and FKS-50, is found to be ranging from 0.7 to 0.5 and from 0.8 to 0.7 respectively. The maximum unit cell open-circuit voltage was measured to be 115 ± 9 mV and 118 ± 8 mV at 25 • C and 40 • C, respectively, and the power density was found to be 1.5 ± 0.2 W m -2 uc at 25 • C and 2.0 ± 0.3 W m -2 uc at 40 • C. Given a lifetime of 10 years, three hours of operation per day and 3% downtime, the membrane price can be 2.5 ± 0.3 $ m −2 and 1.4 ± 0.2 $ m −2 to match the energy price in the EU and the USA, respectively. A life-cycle analysis was conducted for a storage capacity of 1 GWh and 2 h of discharging. The global warming impact is 4.53·10 5 kg CO 2 equivalents/MWh and the cumulative energy demand is 1.61·10 3 MWh/MWh, which are 30% and 2 times higher than a lithium-ion battery pack with equivalent capacity, respectively. An electrodialytic energy storage system reaches a comparable global warming impact and a lower cumulative energy demand than a lithium-ion battery for an average life span of 20 and 3 years, respectively.

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Giant Blue Energy Harvesting in Two‐Dimensional Polymer Membranes with Spatially Aligned Charges

Liu,

Li,

Chu

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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Blue energy between seawater and river water is attracting increasing interest, as one of the sustainable and renewable energy resources that can be harvested from water. Within the reverse electrodialysis applied in blue energy conversion, novel membranes with nanoscale confinement that function as selective ion transport mediums are currently in high demand for realizing higher power density. The primary challenge lies in constructing well‐defined nanochannels that allow for low‐energy‐barrier transport. In this work, we propose a concept for nanofluidic channels with a simultaneous dual electrostatic effect that can enhance both ion selectivity and flux. To actualize this, we have synthesized propidium iodide‐based two‐dimensional polymer (PI‐2DP) membranes possessing both skeleton charge and intrinsic space charge, which are spatially aligned along the ion transport pathway. The dual charge design of PI‐2DP significantly enhances the electrostatic interaction between the translocating anions and the cationic polymer framework, and a high anion selectivity coefficient (∼0.8) is reached. When mixing standard artificial seawater and river water, we achieve a considerable power density of 48.4 W m−2, outperforming most state‐of‐the‐art nanofluidic membranes. Moreover, when applied between the Mediterranean Sea and the Elbe River, an output power density of 42.2 W m−2 is achieved by the PI‐2DP. This nanofluidic membrane design with dual‐layer charges will inspire more innovative development of ion‐selective channels for blue energy conversion that will contribute to global energy consumption.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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The permselectivity and water transference number of ion exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis

Cited by 88 publications

References 41 publications

A review of the synthesis and characterization of anion exchange membranes

A review of the synthesis and characterization of anion exchange membranes

Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis

Giant Blue Energy Harvesting in Two‐Dimensional Polymer Membranes with Spatially Aligned Charges

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