The Persian and Carthaginian Invasions of 480 B.C.E. and the Beginning of the Classical Style: Part 1, the Stratigraphy, Chronology, and Significance of the Acropolis Deposits

The Motya Youth: Apollo Karneios, Art, and Tyranny in the Greek West

“…In a brilliant series of papers, Andrew Stewart linked the Persian and Carthaginian invasions-the former of Greece and especially Athens and Attica, the latter of Sicily-with the beginnings of the Classical style. 167 He showed through a reexamination of the nineteenth-century excavations on the Athenian Acropolis that the style probably did not predate the Persian invasion of 480-479 BCE, and that finds from elsewhere in Athens and Attica, as well as from Phokis, Aigina, and Sicily, demonstrated similar results. Moreover, Stewart returned to the origins and significance of the Severe style of sculpture and art and boldly suggested that the tyrannicides of Kritios and Nesiotes, dedicated in 477/476 BCE, inaugurated the style, which constitutes the first or early Classical style, and that the Greek victories at Salamis and Himera somehow inspired it.…”

Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals: The Evidence for Maternal Votives between 530-450 BCE

“…When discussing finds from the Acropolis, one needs to be aware of the inadequate methodologies used during the early excavations of the 19 th century, which resulted in confusing stratigraphy and lacking documentation (Glowacki 1998, p. 79, esp. n. 4;Schulze 2004, p. 11-14;Stewart 2008). Furthermore, one has to acknowledge that neither all objects found on the Sacred Rock had a votive character, nor was Athena the sole recipient of the dedicated objects.…”

The Persian and Carthaginian Invasions of 480 B.C.E. and the Beginning of the Classical Style: Part 2, the Finds from Other Sites in Athens, Attica, Elsewhere in Greece, and on Sicily; Part 3, the Severe Style: Motivations and Meaning

“…206;Rolley 1994, 202-5, figs. 186-90. 69 Ridgway 1970, 14-15;Stewart 1990, 138. 70 Ohly 1976, 1977Bankel 1993, 169.…”

“…Kissas (2000 n. 446), however, rejects the association, since the cutting is too small and, at only 1 cm deep, too shallow for a marble plinth but appropriate for a bronze statuette. For Angelitos' Athena, see Stewart 2008, cat. no.…”