The Persian Exercise Addiction Inventory—Adult and Youth Versions: Psychometric Properties Based on Rasch Analysis Among Iranians

Abstract

social and professional life" (Szabo et al., 2015). Exercise addiction is seen by most researchers as a psychological addiction although some early research claimed the general public viewed it more like a physiological addiction (i.e., Griffiths & Duff, 1993). According to Griffiths (1996), some addiction benefits including pleasure, relaxation, changing mood, helping to cope with threats, and having a meaningful life, all of which can make exercise a potentially addictive activity.To date, exercise addiction as a disorder has not been formally recognized in official texts such as the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Berczik et al., 2011;Lichtenstein et al., 2012).However, many scholars such as Berczik et al. (2011) believe that problematic exercising is a hidden addiction that can act like substance or behavioral addictions, and can be equally detrimental among those individuals affected. Side-effects of EA at the physical level include joint damage, loss of muscle mass, sprained ligaments, strained or torn muscles or tendons, heart problems, extreme weight loss, and irregular periods with possible reproductive issues; Also, at the psychological level, it includes emotional distress, anxiety, and depression ("Exercise Addiction", 2021).The prevalence of exercise addiction has been reported in many studies over the past 30 years although almost all of them have been small-scale convenience samples. However, in one of the few nationally representative studies, Mónok et al. ( 2012) reported 1.9-3.2% of exercisers and 0.3-0.5% of the general population were at risk of exercise addiction in Hungary.A recent comparative meta-analysis (Trott et al., 2019) estimated the prevalence of exercise addiction in populations with and without eating disorders. Nine studies with a total sample of 2140 participants (mean age = 25.06 years; 70.6% female) were included. Of these, 1732 participants did not have any eating disorders (mean age = 26.4 years; 63.0% female), with the remaining 408 having eating disorders (mean age = 23.46 years; 79.2% female). The odds ratio

Measurement Invariance of the Exercise Addiction Inventory According to Eating Disorder Risk Status

“…Three main limitations of the present study should be noted. First, the present study tested only one (i.e., Spanish version) of the many available translations of the EAI (Persian; Akbari et al, 2022;Italian;Gori et al, 2022;Cantonese Chinese;Li et al, 2016;Danish;Lichtenstein et al, 2014;Hungarian;Mónok et al, 2012;Brazilian Portuguese;Sicilia et al, 2017). This is an important limitation because variations in the psychometric properties of a given instrument according to the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents might differ across its translated versions (Sicilia et al, 2020).…”

The Expanded Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-3): Towards Reliable and International Screening of Exercise-Related Dysfunction

“…Finally, its psychometric characteristics are good, and its structure is similar in different countries (Griffiths et al, 2015 ). It has been translated and adapted into Arabic (Syed et al, 2022 ), Chinese (Wang et al, 2022 ), Danish (Lichtenstein et al, 2014 ), English (Szabo & Griffiths, 2007 ; Warner & Griffiths, 2006 ), Hungarian (Szabo, 2021 ), Italian (Gori et al, 2021 ; Granziol et al, 2021 ), Mexican (Salazar et al, 2021 ), Persian (Akbari et al, 2022 ), and Spanish (Sicilia et al, 2013 ).…”