The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder.

Barkley, Russell A.; Fischer, Mariellen; Smallish, Lori; Fletcher, Kenneth E.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279

Cited by 993 publications

(846 citation statements)

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“…Any significant main effects for group were ignored as these have been reported in previous publications (Barkley et al, ,2002Fischer et al, ,2005. We focused on main effects for the genotype (polymorphism) and its possible interaction with the grouping variable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier, Barkley found a high persistence of hyperactive/ ADHD symptoms from childhood to adolescence (70% remain disordered) and into adulthood (45% remained fully disordered; 66% remained severely symptomatic) (Barkley et al, 2002). This stability of ADHD across childhood and into adolescence is also highly heritable and the same genes that account for its variation in childhood also appear to account for its stability over development (Hay et al, 2004;Larsson et al, 2004; Reitveld et al, 2004).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…By adulthood, 49-66% will have significant symptoms of the disorder or meet diagnostic criteria for it (Barkley et al, 2002;Mannuzza et al, 1993Mannuzza et al, ,1998 Rasmussen & Gillberg, 2002;Weiss and Hechtman, 1993).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The internal reliability (coefficient alpha) was .92 for the DSM-IV inattention item list (nine items) in this interview and .91 for the hyperactive-impulsive list (nine items). Parent reports were used instead of self-reports given that parents reported far more ADHD symptoms than participants and parent reports correlated more highly with various domains of major life outcomes than self-reported symptoms (Barkley et al, 2002).Young Adult Behavior Checklist and Young Adult Self-Report Form (YABCL and YASR; Achenbach, 2001)-These scales are upward extensions of the CBCL and CBCL-YSR, respectively, for adults. The young adult version contains 137 items pertaining to behavior problems scored as 0, 1, or 2.…”

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confidence: 99%

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An examination of the behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of three ADHD candidate gene polymorphisms (DRD4 7+, DBH TaqI A2, and DAT1 40 bp VNTR) in hyperactive and normal children followed to adulthood

Barkley

Smith

Fischer

et al. 2006

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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104

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Several candidate gene polymorphisms have been implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including DAT1 40bp VNTR, DRD4 7+, and DBH TaqI A2 alleles. We used the Milwaukee longitudinal study of hyperactive (N=122) and normal (N=67) children to compare participants with and without these respective polymorphisms on ADHD-related behavioral ratings at childhood, 8 years later in adolescence, and 13+ years later into young adulthood. Neuropsychological tests were given at the adolescent and young adulthood follow-up. No differences were found between the DRD4-7+ and 7-repeat polymorphism. The DBH TaqI A2 allele, when homozygous, was associated with being more hyperactive in childhood, having more pervasive behavior problems at adolescence, and earning less money on a Card Playing Task in adulthood. At adolescence, poorer test scores were also found only in the hyperactive group with homozygous for this allele. The DAT1 40bp VNTR heterozygous 9/10 repeat, however, differed from the 10/10 repeat pair in many respects, having greater ADHD and externalizing symptoms at all three follow-ups, more cross-situational behavioral problems at both childhood and adolescence, poorer mother-teen relations at adolescence, and lower class rankings in high school. Participants with the 9/10 pair in the control group also had lower work performance, a lower grade point average in high school, greater teacher rated externalizing symptoms at adolescence, and greater omission errors on a continuous performance test in adulthood. The DAT1 40bp VNTR 9/10 polymorphism pairing appears to be reliably associated with greater symptoms of ADHD and externalizing behavior from childhood to adulthood, and with family, educational, and occupational impairments. We also present a contrary view on the appropriate endophenotypes for use in behavioral genetic research on ADHD.Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or what was previously diagnosed as Hyperactive Child Syndrome, are characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive behavior that arise early in childhood and occur across multiple settings (American Psychiatric Association, 1968, 1980, 2001. Follow-up studies of hyperactive children suggest that from 35-80 percent of NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript cases diagnosed in childhood will persist into adolescence Gittelman et al., 1985). By adulthood, 49-66% will have significant symptoms of the disorder or meet diagnostic criteria for it (Barkley et al., 2002;Mannuzza et al., 1993Mannuzza et al., ,1998 Rasmussen & Gillberg, 2002;Weiss and Hechtman, 1993).Biological relatives of children with the disorder are more likely to have ADHD (Biederman et al. 1990, Biederman et al. 1992, Biederman et al. 1995, Maher et al. 1999, Samuel et al. 1999. Numerous twin studies found that genetic factors account for the majority of variance in this trait with an average heritability of .75-.80, with more recent studies u...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An examination of the behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of three ADHD candidate gene polymorphisms (DRD4 7+, DBH TaqI A2, and DAT1 40 bp VNTR) in hyperactive and normal children followed to adulthood

Barkley

Smith

Fischer

et al. 2006

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

Self Cite

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…ADHD is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence, and is associated with persistent impairments in academic and social adaptive functioning (Biederman et al, 1991;Stein et al, 1995;Zametkin, 1995;Barkley, 2002;Barkley et al, 2002). Current models of ADHD pathophysiology and stimulant response emphasize dysfunction in catecholamine systems (Castellanos and Tannock, 2002;Kirley et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopamine Transporter Genotype and Methylphenidate Dose Response in Children with ADHD

Stein

Waldman

Sarampote

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

130

117

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Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (MPH), are the most commonly used, effective treatment for ADHD. MPH acts primarily by inhibiting the dopamine transporter (DAT), a protein responsible for the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into presynaptic terminals. We sought to evaluate the relationship between DAT1 3 0 -untranslated region (3 0 -UTR) variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) genotypes and dose response to MPH. Children with ADHD (n ¼ 47), ages 5-16 years (mean ¼ 9.02 years), underwent a 4-week, double-blinded, crossover trial with forced weekly dosage changes. Children were genotyped for the DAT1 VNTR and evaluated on placebo and three dosage levels of OROS s MPH. Parents and clinicians who were blind to genotype and medication status rated ADHD symptoms, impairment, and stimulant side effects each week. Children who were homozygous for the less common, 9-repeat DAT1 3 0 -UTR genotype displayed a distinct dose-response curve from that of the other genotype groups, with an absence of typical linear improvement when the dose was increased from 18 mg to 36 and 54 mg. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms related to poor response in patients with the 9/9-repeat genotype, and to determine if this group responds differentially to alternative treatments.

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Clinical and Functional Outcome of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 33 Years Later

Klein

Mannuzza²,

Olazagasti

et al. 2012

Arch Gen Psychiatry

530

419

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Context Prospective studies of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not extended beyond early adulthood. Objective To test whether children diagnosed with ADHD at mean age 8 (probands) have worse educational, occupational, economic, social, marital outcomes; higher rates of ongoing ADHD, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), substance disorders (SD); adult onset psychiatric disorders, psychiatric hospitalizations and incarcerations, than non-ADHD comparisons, at mean age 41. To test for: positive associations between probands’ ongoing ADHD and ASPD, and SD’s; and for worse social and occupational functioning in probands without ongoing psychiatric disorders, than comparisons. Design Prospective, 33 year follow-up study, with blind clinical assessments. Setting Research clinic. Participants 135 Caucasian males with ADHD in childhood, free of conduct disorder, and 136 male comparisons without childhood ADHD (65% and 76% of original cohort, respectively). Main Outcome Measures Occupational, economic, and educational attainment; marital history; occupational and social functioning; ongoing and lifetime psychiatric disorders; psychiatric hospitalizations, and incarcerations. Results Probands had significantly worse educational, occupational, economic, social outcomes, and more divorces than comparisons; higher rates of ongoing ADHD (22% vs 5%, p<.001), ASPD (16% vs 0%, p<.001)and SD (14% vs 5%, p<.01), but not more mood or anxiety disorders (p’s=.36 and .33). Ongoing ADHD was weakly related to ongoing SD (phi=.19, p=.04), and ASPD+SD (phi=.20, p=.04). Lifetime, probands had significantly more ASPD and SD’s, but not mood or anxiety disorders, and more psychiatric hospitalizations and incarcerations than comparisons. Relative to comparisons, psychiatric disorders with onsets at age 21 or beyond were not significantly elevated in probands. Probands without ongoing psychiatric disorders had worse social, but not occupational, functioning. Conclusions The multiple disadvantages predicted by childhood ADHD well into adulthood began in adolescence, without increased onsets of new disorders after age 20. Findings highlight the importance of extended monitoring and treatment of children with ADHD.

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The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder.

Cited by 993 publications

References 30 publications

An examination of the behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of three ADHD candidate gene polymorphisms (DRD4 7+, DBH TaqI A2, and DAT1 40 bp VNTR) in hyperactive and normal children followed to adulthood

An examination of the behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of three ADHD candidate gene polymorphisms (DRD4 7+, DBH TaqI A2, and DAT1 40 bp VNTR) in hyperactive and normal children followed to adulthood

Dopamine Transporter Genotype and Methylphenidate Dose Response in Children with ADHD

Clinical and Functional Outcome of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 33 Years Later

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