The persistence of precarity: youth livelihood struggles and aspirations in the context of truncated agrarian change, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Processes of rapid and truncated agrarian change—driven through expanding urbanisation, infrastructure development, extractive industries, and commodity crops—are shaping the livelihood opportunities and aspirations of Indonesia’s rural youth. This study describes the everyday experiences of youth as they navigate the changing character of agriculture, aquaculture, and fishing livelihoods across gender, class, and generation. Drawing on qualitative field research conducted in the Maros District of South Sulawesi, we examine young people’s experiences of agrarian change in a landscape of entangled rural, coastal and increasingly urbanised spaces. We find that young people aspire to secure, modern, and salary-based work, while continuing to seek and sustain intergenerational farming or aquaculture-based livelihoods. Youth take advantage of increased connectivity to diversify their incomes, yet their dependence on mobility also introduces new forms of gendered and class based precarity such as insecure working arrangements, disruption to education and violence (especially for young unskilled women and youth from financially insecure households). Our study highlights the persistent conditions of precarity that many young people encounter in both rural and urban settings, while challenging assumptions that youth are uninterested in rural futures.

The Omnibus Law on Job Creation and its potential implications for rural youth and future farming in Indonesia

“…In rural Indonesia, households often maintain some agricultural activities while diversifying livelihoods (McCarthy, 2019), and rural youth may return to farming at different life stages, depending on their access to land, capital, education and employment now and in the future (Huijsmans et al, 2021;White, 2021;Griffin et al, 2023). Non-linear education-employment transitions involve pragmatism in the face of hardship and the layered responsibilities of rural youth within their communities (Schut, 2019(Schut, , 2021.…”