The person as a focus for research. The contributions of Windelband, Stern, Allport, Lamiell and Magnusson

Lundh, Lars‐Gunnar

doi:10.17505/jpor.2015.03

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Such a change of focus may also involve the use of a more person-oriented approach (e.g., [43]) to psychotherapy research, including various forms of single-subject designs [7, 30, 47, 57]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neglect of treatment-construct validity in psychotherapy research: a systematic review of comparative RCTs of psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

2016

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BackgroundRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the best methodology for studying the efficacy of psychotherapy. Optimally an RCT design makes it possible to conclude that if one treatment has a better outcome than another, this is due to the treatment package (TP) as it was implemented in this particular context, rather than other factors beyond the treatment (= high internal validity). Strong internal validity does not, however, provide evidence for the treatment model (TM) that provides the theoretical basis of the TP, because the TP that is tested may differ from the comparison condition in a number of other ways that suggest alternative explanations for the effects. These alternative treatment contrasts represent threats to construct validity of the conclusions. Maximal construct validity requires (1) that the treatments are clearly contrasted on the experimental factors (treatment integrity), and (2) that alternative treatment contrasts can be eliminated. The analysis of alternative explanations is a neglected topic in psychotherapy research. To approach this problem, a methodology for the analysis of treatment contrasts is suggested and tested.MethodsTwo indexes were defined: (1) a Treatment Integrity Index (TII) and (2) an Alternative Treatment Contrast Index (ATCI). This methodological approach was applied to eight comparative RCTs of treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), which were coded for a set of treatment contrasts independently by three coders.ResultsThe analysis of the RCTs of treatments for BPD showed that construct validity differed widely between the different studies but was generally low (low TII and ATCI), and that it is therefore difficult to draw causal conclusions from this research. The publication policies of scientific journals in this area seldom require the systematic data relevant to an analysis of alternative explanations of the effects, which is needed to provide evidence for a particular TM.ConclusionsResearch on psychotherapy needs to be refocused from treatment packages (TP) to treatment models (TM). This requires an improved conceptualization of the methodological principles and skills involved, and the development of valid measures of these, but also improved reporting standards concerning treatment-construct validity in scientific journals.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0151-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neglect of treatment-construct validity in psychotherapy research: a systematic review of comparative RCTs of psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

2016

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“… Cloninger, Svrakic & Svrakic, 1997 ). Instead of using linear or population-oriented methods, future studies may benefit from using person-oriented methods detailed in recent literature (see among others Bergman & Lundh, 2015 ; Cloninger, Svrakic & Svrakic, 1997 ; Lundh, 2015 ; Von Eye & Wiedermann, 2015 ; Vargha, Torma & Bergman, 2015 ; Garcia, MacDonald & Archer, 2015 ; Wong & Cloninger, 2010 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Person-centered osteopathic practice: patients’ personality (body, mind, and soul) and health (Ill-being and well-being)

Fahlgren

Nima²,

Archer

et al. 2015

PeerJ

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Background. Osteopathic philosophy and practice are congruent with the biopsychosocial model, a patient-centered approach when treating disease, and the view of the person as a unity (i.e., body, mind, and soul). Nevertheless, a unity of being should involve a systematic person-centered understanding of the patient’s personality as a biopsychosociospiritual construct that influences health (i.e., well-being and ill-being). We suggest Cloninger’s personality model, comprising temperament (i.e., body) and character (i.e., mind and soul), as a genuine paradigm for implementation in osteopathic practice. As a first step, we investigated (1) the relationships between personality and health among osteopathic patients, (2) differences in personality between patients and a control group, and (3) differences in health within patients depending on the presenting problem and gender.Method. 524 osteopathic patients in Sweden (age mean = 46.17, SD = 12.54, 388 females and 136 males) responded to an online survey comprising the Temperament and Character Inventory and measures of health (well-being: life satisfaction, positive affect, harmony in life, energy, and resilience; ill-being: negative affect, anxiety, depression, stress, and dysfunction and suffering associated to the presenting problem). We conducted two structural equation models to investigate the association personality-health; graphically compared the patients’ personality T-scores to those of the control group and compared the mean raw scores using t-tests; and conducted two multivariate analyses of variance, using age as covariate, to compare patients’ health in relation to their presenting problem and gender.Results. The patients’ personality explained the variance of all of the well-being (R2 between .19 and .54) and four of the ill-being (R2 between .05 and .43) measures. Importantly, self-transcendence, the spiritual aspect of personality, was associated to high levels of positive emotions and resilience. Osteopathic patients, compared to controls, scored higher in six of the seven personality dimensions. These differences were, however, not considerably large (divergences in T-scores were <1 SD, Cohen’s d between 0.12 and 0.40). Presenting problem and gender did not have an effect on any of the health measures.Conclusion. The patient’s personality as a ternary construct (i.e., body, mind, and soul), which is in line with osteopathy, is associated to both well-being and ill-being. The lack of substantial differences in personality between patients and controls implies that the patients had not any personality disorders. Hence, osteopaths might, with proper education, be able to coach their patients to self-awareness. The lack of differences in health variables between osteopathic patients with different presenting problems suggests that practitioners should focus on the person’s health regardless of the type of presenting problem.

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“…All of the examples of experimental phenomenology that have been given so far represent forms of idiographic, personoriented research (Lundh 2015), focusing on individual persons, as distinct from studies based on statistical analyses at a group level. This does not mean, however, that experimental phenomenology cannot make use of controlled studies at the group level.…”

Section: Controlled Effect Studies On the Group Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Phenomenology in Mindfulness Research

Lundh

2019

Mindfulness

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The present paper argues that experimental phenomenology has an important role to play in research on mindfulness. Experimental phenomenology is defined as a subcategory of phenomenology (defined as the science of our subjective experience of being in the world), which explores the effects of intentional variations of subjective experiencing (direction of attention and choice of attitude) on subsequent experience. To count as experimental phenomenology, both the independent and dependent variable have to be phenomenological. Because mindfulness involves paying attention to present experience with a specific attitude, it is well suited for experimental-phenomenological research. What makes experimental phenomenology into a scientific endeavor is the intersubjective nature of this kind of study: potential effects described by one person can be subjected to replication both by the same person, and by other persons. Also, conclusions drawn on the basis of this kind of study are hypothetical and provisional, and may be modified or specified on the basis of further study. In this paper, the principles of experimental phenomenology are illustrated by (a) variations of a given mindfulness practice (the body scan), and (b) the construction of a personalized mindfulness practice (mindful driving). Finally, three varieties of experimental phenomenology in research on mindfulness are discussed: (1) the use of qualitative methods to analyze mindfulness practices and their potential effects, (2) idiographic research with the use of single-subject designs and experience sampling, and (3) randomized controlled studies of the effects of mindfulness practices on present experience.

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The person as a focus for research. The contributions of Windelband, Stern, Allport, Lamiell and Magnusson

Cited by 31 publications

References 50 publications

The neglect of treatment-construct validity in psychotherapy research: a systematic review of comparative RCTs of psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

The neglect of treatment-construct validity in psychotherapy research: a systematic review of comparative RCTs of psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

Person-centered osteopathic practice: patients’ personality (body, mind, and soul) and health (Ill-being and well-being)

Experimental Phenomenology in Mindfulness Research

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