The Pharmacokinetics of Halothane (Fluothane) Anaesthesia

Duncan, W. A. M.; Raventós, J.

doi:10.1093/bja/31.7.302

Cited by 78 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…This may be compared with the figure of 17·3 mg/IOO ml obtained by Duncan & Raventos (1959) after a comparable 20 min period of anaesthesia in humans. The mean level of halothane in dystrophic hamster muscle was about 10 times higher, 226·2 ± 36,8 mg/IOO g wet weight muscle tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Halothane anaesthesia of normal and dystrophic hamsters

Carvell

Stoward

1975

Lab Anim

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Induction, carried out in a small clear-plastic box with 3-5% (v/v) halothane in 30:70 (v/v) oxygen: nitrous oxide, was quiet and rapid. Recovery was almost instantaneous. 2% halothane in the oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture was sufficient for maintenance anaesthesia. The anaesthetic mixture was given by face mask in an open circuit specially designed to function at low gas-flow rates. The halothane content of the muscle and blood after 25 min anaesthesia was estimated by gas chromatography of n-heptane extracts. The mean level (+/- s.e.m.) in blood was 22-8 +/- 2-7 mg/100 ml (n=4), and in dystrophic muscle 226 +/- 36-8 mg/100 g wet weight of tissue (n=4): there was a positive correlation (r=0-94) between them (p less than 0-02).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Halothane anaesthesia of normal and dystrophic hamsters

Carvell

Stoward

1975

Lab Anim

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“…This ratio approximates the fat/blood ratios of 60 and 138 observed experimentally in situ (Eger and Larson, 1964;Larson et al, 1962), but is higher than those reported for single anesthetic exposures. Thus, fat/blood partition ratios in rats calculated from the data of Gostomzyk (1972) and Duncan and Raventos (1959) were 7 and 20, respectively, with fat concentrations and 655 jug/g and 3100-4500 /ug/g for 3 hr exposures to 10,000-15,000 ppm. A similar parition ratio of 12 for dogs was seen in the data of Chenoweth et al (1962), where fat levels were 1800 jug/g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Elimination of halothane in rat tissue following anesthesia is slowest from fat, in which deposition levels of 100-4,500 ppm (/Jg/g) occur at 1-3 hr of anesthesia, with detectable levels present 24 hr afterward (Gostomzyk, 1972;Gostomzyk et al, 1973;Duncan and Raventos, 1959). Absorption in the rat exposed in an OR environment approaches 7 ppm in fat and 2 ppm in liver after 6 hr (Gostomzyk et al, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halothane in tissue of rats following repeated subanesthetic exposures

Wolff

1977

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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Halothane in tissues of the rat has been measured as a function of time after five successive 3 hr exposures to 670 ppm halothane. In epididymal and perirenal fat, halothane concentrations diminished rapidly from 310 ppm to 1-2 ppm in 24 hr, with trace amounts detectable 5 days later. Brain and liver levels were reduced from 16 and 9 ppm to less than 1 ppm within 3 hr. Blood halothane was reduced from 3 ppm to less than 0.5 ppm in the same time.

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“…Until the early 1960s, they were considered to be non-metabolized and therefore non-toxic compounds because no metabolites had been detected by the analytical technology available at that time. However, this assumption was proved incorrect on discovery of several metabolites in the urine of 36 Cl-labeled halothane injected rats [31,32]. The biotransformation rates of these compounds as per cent of absorbed dose are shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Volatile Anesthetics: Decomposition and Biotransformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyses of representative biomarkers of exposure and effect by chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques: Method development and application in life sciences

Orhan¹

2007

J of Separation Science

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Biomarkers are essential tools in monitoring studies, which include environmental monitoring, biological monitoring, biological effect monitoring, and health surveillance, as well as drug development processes. Their discovery, validation, and analysis require highly sensitive and selective analytical technologies. In this regard, gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have facilitated great achievements in all these areas. In addition and closely related to biomarkers, the ongoing developments in these techniques promise a better understanding of the nature and mechanisms of toxic effects originating from various chemical, biological, or physical sources. This Review compiles studies performed on selected biomarkers with respect to both method development and application. Section 1 summarizes the concept of biomarkers; their application in various industrial/occupational, agricultural, drug developmental, and medical/clinical platforms. This section also focuses on biotransformation studies in close relation to biomarker discovery and validation, and on major techniques utilized in this area. In Section 2, biotransformation of volatile anesthetics in humans with a focus on mercapturic acid derivatives as potential biomarkers of effect is reviewed. The use of GC-ECD, GC/MS, and 19F-NMR in these studies is described. Section 3 focuses on the analysis of aldehydic lipid peroxidation degradation products by GC-ECD in mammalian cells in which oxidative stress induced chemically, and in humans after various challenges; anesthetic exposure, ischemia-reperfusion, and controlled endurance exercise. In Section 4, method development for protein and DNA oxidation products by LC-tandem MS and its application in mammalian cells and in humans are summarized. Possibilities, limitations, and future perspectives are discussed in Section 5.

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The Pharmacokinetics of Halothane (Fluothane) Anaesthesia

Cited by 78 publications

References 0 publications

Halothane anaesthesia of normal and dystrophic hamsters

Halothane anaesthesia of normal and dystrophic hamsters

Halothane in tissue of rats following repeated subanesthetic exposures

Analyses of representative biomarkers of exposure and effect by chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques: Method development and application in life sciences

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