The Pharmacokinetics of Ketorolac After Single Postoperative Intranasal Administration in Adolescent Patients

Abstract

Administration of ketorolac by the intranasal route resulted in a rapid increase in plasma concentration and may be a useful therapeutic alternative to IV injection in adolescents because plasma concentrations attained with the device are likely to be analgesic (investigational new drug no. 62,829).

The pharmacokinetics of intravenous ketorolac in children aged 2 months to 16 years: A population analysis

“…h −1 ) revealed that clearance decreases from infancy to adolescence. This change with age for ketorolac has been described by others …”

“…The pharmacokinetics (PK) of ketorolac changes with age in children . The main contributors to reported pharmacokinetic variability in children are maturation of organ systems (reflected by age) and size effects .…”

Narrative review shows that the short‐term use of ketorolac is safe and effective in the management of moderate‐to‐severe pain in children

“…The mean time to peak concentration using the intranasal route was 52 minutes, with a standard deviation of six minutes. A target concentration of 0.37 mg/L in the effect compartment was achieved within 30 minutes and remained above that target for 10 hours . An analysis of the postoperative analgesia provided by ketorolac in adults showed an estimated effect compartment with 50% effective concentration of 0.37 mg/L.…”

Enantioselective Tissue Distribution of Ketorolac and its Enantiomers in Rats

“…Animal studies have shown that the antiinflammatory activity of Ketorolac resides in the (−) S entantiomer and that the (+) R entantiomer is pharmacologically inactive [7]. The pharmacokinetics of Ketorolac has been documented in humans [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and animals including dogs [16], rats [17], calves [18], rabbits [19], goats [20], and sheep [21]. Objectives of this study was to determine the difference of tissue distribution of Ketorolac and its enantiomers in rats following a single oral dose of 3.2 mg/kg racemic mixture.…”