The Pharmacological Evaluation of Antioxidants

Lehman, A. J.; Fitzhugh, O. Garth; Nelson, Arthur A.; Woodard, Geoffrey E.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60261-x

Cited by 71 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Furthermore, TDP is also being used as a precursor substrate for the bacterial synthesis of polythioesters (PTEs) containing 3-mercaptopropionic acid in Ralstonia eutropha (Lütke-Eversloh & Steinbüchel, 2004), now referred to as Cupriavidus necator. In contrast to 3-mercaptopropionic acid, the use of TDP has numerous advantages because the thioether has a low toxicity (LD 50 oral for rats 3000 mg kg 21 ; Lehman et al, 1951), it is odourless and inexpensive and is available on a large scale. To improve TDP-based biosynthesis of PTEs in bacteria, we investigated the hitherto-unknown microbial metabolism of TDP, starting with enrichment cultures containing this compound as the sole source of carbon and energy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudorhodoferax soli gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pseudorhodoferax caeni sp. nov., two members of the class Betaproteobacteria belonging to the family Comamonadaceae

Bruland

Bathe

Willems

et al. 2009

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLO

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A novel betaproteobacterium, strain TBEA3(T), Was isolated from soil using enrichment cultures with the organic thioether 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid as sole carbon and energy source. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed 99.1% sequence similarities to a poorly characterized member of the family Comamonadaceae, strain SB1(T), which had been previously isolated from activated sludge. Both strains showed highest gene sequence similarities (up to 96.9%) to members of the genera Rhodoferax and Curvibacter. The DNA G + C contents of strains TBEA3(T) and SB1(T) were 69.1 and 70.1 mol%, respectively, and the DNA-DNA hybridization value between these two strains was 45.3%. The predominant cellular fatty acids in both strains were C-16:0, C-18:1 omega 7c and summed feature 3 (C-16:1 omega 7c and/or C-15:0 iso 2-OH). The major 3-hydroxy fatty acid was C-10:0 3-OH. Based on the genetic and chemotaxonomic data, strains TBEA3(T) and SB1(T) represent two novel species of a new genus within the family Comamonadaceae, for which the name Pseudorhodoferax gen. nov. is proposed. Strain TBEA3(T) (=LMG 24555(T)=DSM 21634(T)) is assigned to Pseudorhodoferax soli sp. nov., as the type strain of the type species of the genus. Strain SB1(T) (=LMG 24543(T)=DSM 21598(T)) is the type strain of Pseudorhodoferax caeni sp. nov

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudorhodoferax soli gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pseudorhodoferax caeni sp. nov., two members of the class Betaproteobacteria belonging to the family Comamonadaceae

Bruland

Bathe

Willems

et al. 2009

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLO

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“…26 The oral LD 50 of DLTDP was greater than 2000 mg/kg for mice and greater than 2500 mg/kg for rats. 27,[30][31][32] Thiodipropionic acid. Tullar et al 29 reported that in acute oral toxicity studies using mice, the LD 50 exceeded 1000 mg/kg for TDPA dissolved in water.…”

Section: Animal Toxicology Acute Oral Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 The oral LD 50 of TDPA was 2000 mg/kg or more for mice and greater than 2500 mg/kg for rats. 30 TDPA, 5000 mg/kg in a suspension of 0.85% saline, was administered by intubation to 2 adult male rats. The rats were observed for 5 days post treatment; both appeared normal during the observation period.…”

Section: Animal Toxicology Acute Oral Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The oral LD 50 of distearyl thiodipropionate was more than 2000 mg/kg for mice and more than 2500 mg/kg for rats. 30 Acute Parenteral Toxicity Dilauryl thiodipropionate. The intraperitoneal (IP) LD 50 of DLTDP exceeded 2000 mg/kg, with no dose-related increase in mortality noted over a dose range of 300 to 2000 mg/kg.…”

Section: Animal Toxicology Acute Oral Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Final Safety Assessment of Thiodipropionic Acid and Its Dialkyl Esters as Used in Cosmetics

et al. 2010

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Dilauryl thiodipropionate (DLTDP), dicetyl thiodipropionate, dimyristyl thiodipropionate, distearyl thiodipropionate, and ditridecyl thiodipropionate are dialkyl esters of their respective alcohols and thiodipropionic acid (TDPA) used in cosmetics. Ingested DLTDP was excreted in the urine as TDPA. Single-dose acute oral and parenteral studies and subchronic and chronic repeated dose oral studies did not suggest significant toxicity. Neither DLTDP nor TDPA was irritating to animal skin or eyes and they were not sensitizers. TDPA was neither a teratogen nor a reproductive toxicant. Genotoxicity studies were negative for TDPA and DLTDP. Clinical testing demonstrated some evidence of irritation but no sensitization or photosensitization. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel considered that the data from DLTDP reasonably may be extrapolated to the other dialkyl esters and concluded that these ingredients were safe for use in cosmetic products that are formulated to be nonirritating.

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“…Lehman et al (1951) reported a study in which Propyl Gallate (20% in alcohol) was applied to the forearms of 10 white subjects daily for about 24 days. Sites were examined twice weekly.…”

Section: Irritation and Sensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

2007

Int J Toxicol

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Propyl Gallate is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid). It is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, oil, lard, and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in water. Propyl Gallate currently is used as an antioxidant in a reported 167 cosmetic products at maximum concentrations of 0.1%. Propyl Gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides. Data on dermal absorption are not available, but Propyl Gallate is absorbed when ingested, then methylated, conjugated, and excreted in the urine. The biological activity of Propyl Gallate is consistent with its free-radical scavenging ability, with effects that include antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, inhibition of biosynthetic processes, inhibition of the formation of nitrosamines, anesthesia, inhibition of neuromuscular response to chemicals, ionizing/ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection, chemoprotection, antimutagenesis, anticarcinogenesis and antitumorigenesis, antiteratogenesis, and anticariogenesis. Animal toxicity studies indicate that Propyl Gallate was slightly toxic when ingested, but no systemic effects were noted with dermal application. Propyl Gallate is a strong sensitizer when tested intradermally, less sensitizing when tested topically, and nonsensitizing topically at 0.1% in one study. In a second study, Propyl Gallate (15 mg dissolved in 8 ml vehicle) was sensitizing to guinea pigs. Acute eye irritation tests conducted on nine cosmetic formulations, each containing less than 1% Propyl Gallate, were negative. A phototoxicity study conducted on a cosmetic formulation containing 0.003% Propyl Gallate determined that the product was not phototoxic to guinea pigs. In one study, female rats fed 0.5 g Propyl Gallate had substantially increased fetal resorption rates when compared to controls, but in four other studies, Propyl Gallate at doses up to 2.04 g/kg was nonteratogenic in rats, rabbits, mice, and hamsters. In clinical cumulative irritancy tests, Propyl Gallate was nonirritating at concentrations up to 10%. Patch tests at concentrations less than 1% yielded positive elicitation responses. Repeat-insult patch tests using cosmetic formulations with 0.003% Propyl Gallate produced no irritation or sensitization. Propyl Gallate at a concentration of 10% in alcohol was nonphototoxic in 25 subjects. Cosmetic formulations, each containing 0.003% Propyl Gallate, produced no signs of photosensitization or phototoxicity in a total of 371 subjects. Although Propyl Gallate is not a skin irritant in clinical tests, the available data demonstrate that it is a skin sensitizer and that it may be a sensitizer at lower concentrations than originally thought, i.e., at concentrations less than 1%. In actual practice, cosmetic formulations contain Propyl Gallate at concentrations up to 0.1% and usage has increased over the past 20 years. In spite of the increased exposure...

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The Pharmacological Evaluation of Antioxidants

Cited by 71 publications

References 5 publications

Pseudorhodoferax soli gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pseudorhodoferax caeni sp. nov., two members of the class Betaproteobacteria belonging to the family Comamonadaceae

Pseudorhodoferax soli gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pseudorhodoferax caeni sp. nov., two members of the class Betaproteobacteria belonging to the family Comamonadaceae

Final Safety Assessment of Thiodipropionic Acid and Its Dialkyl Esters as Used in Cosmetics

Final Report on the Amended Safety Assessment of Propyl Gallate1

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