The phase of plasticity-induced neurochemical changes of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are different from visual perceptual learning

Abstract

Numerous studies have found that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates plasticity. rTMS has often been used to change neural networks underlying learning, often under the assumption that the mechanism of rTMS-induced plasticity should be highly similar to that associated with learning. The presence of visual perceptual learning (VPL) reveals the plasticity of early visual systems, which is formed through multiple phases. Hence, we tested how high-frequency (HF) rTMS and VPL modulate the effect of visual plasticity by investigating neurometabolic changes in early visual areas. We employed an excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratio, which refers to glutamate concentration divided by GABA+ concentration, as an index of the degree of plasticity. We compared neurotransmitter concentration changes after applying HF rTMS to the visual cortex with those after training in a visual task, in otherwise identical procedures. Both the time courses of the E/I ratios and neurotransmitter contributions to the E/I ratio significantly differed between HF rTMS and training conditions. The peak E/I ratio occurred 3.5 h after HF rTMS with decreased GABA+, whereas the peak E/I ratio occurred 0.5 h after visual training with increased glutamate. Furthermore, HF rTMS temporally decreased the thresholds for detecting phosphene and perceiving low-contrast stimuli, indicating increased visual plasticity. These results suggest that plasticity in early visual areas induced by HF rTMS is not as involved in the early phase of development of VPL that occurs during and immediately after training.

Cortical excitability in human somatosensory and visual cortex: implications for plasticity and learning – a minireview

“…In a recent study utilizing MRS glutamate and GABA concentrations were measured to obtain insight into possible differences of visual perceptual training-induced learning and perceptual changes induced by high-frequency rTMS application. It was found that the time courses of the changes of GABA and glutamate differed as well as the contribution of both transmitters suggesting different underlying mechanisms, although both approaches involve changes in excitation and inhibition ( Lin et al, 2023 ).…”

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

“…Typical induction protocols for LTD are around 1 Hz, with 900 pulses at 1 Hz being common in the literature (248). However, recent r-TMS studies have shown that a 10Hz frequency can induce plasticity (249). Parallel to this, our lab has recently shown that an induction protocol of 6000 pulses at 10 Hz induces an isoform of LTD that is endocannabinoid dependent (6).…”