The PHENIX Collaboration

Glauber model for a small system using the anisotropic and inhomogeneous density profile of a proton

“…but with larger value of the factor with saturationlike behaviour starting after p T = 2 GeV. We note that the R pp values above unity for p T > 1 GeV may be qualitatively similar to other observed enhancements due to the Cronin effect and radial flow in pA and dA systems [43,44], as conjectured for similar behaviour of R pP b [42], where the moderate excess at high p T is suggestive of anti-shadowing effects in the nuclear parton distribution function [45].…”

Initial, effective, and kinetic freeze-out temperatures from transverse momentum spectra in high-energy proton(deuteron)–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions

“…1, but it shows the the spectra in (a)-(b) 0-20% and (c)-(d) 60-88% d-Au collisions at √ s N N = 200 GeV. The symbols represent the experimental data measured by the PHENIX Collaboration in |η| < 0.35 [21]. The curves are our fitted results and the related parameters are listed in Tables 1 and 2 with χ 2 /dof.…”

“…In this paper, the transverse momentum spectra of positively and negatively charged pions (π + and π − ), positively and negatively charged kaons (K + and K − ), and protons (p) and antiprotons (p) produced in central and peripheral gold-gold (Au-Au) and deuterongold (d-Au) collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [20,21], as well as in central and peripheral lead-lead (Pb-Pb) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [22,23,24] are fitted by the Hagedorn thermal model [25] and Boltzmann distribution [18] in terms of multi-component which is harmonious with a multisource thermal model used in our previous work [10]. The related temperatures which include the initial, effective, and kinetic freeze-out temperatures are then extracted from the fittings.…”

“…Same as Fig. 1, but showing the spectra in (a)-(b) 0-20% and (c)-(d) 60-88% d-Au collisions at √ sNN = 200 GeV.The symbols represent the experimental data measured by the PHENIX Collaboration in |η| < 0.35[21].…”

Collision system size scan of collective flows in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

“…To understand these observables in experiments and QGP phase transition, there are also some open questions for small collision systems (such as C + C or O + O collisions) as well as large collision systems (such as Au + Au or Pb + Pb collisions), (1) how to understand transformation coefficient from initial geometry distribution or fluctuation to momentum distribution at final stage in hydrodynamical mechanism [20,[28][29][30]; (2) how to understand similar phenomena for some observables for small systems with high multiplicity and large systems [9,10,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]; (3) does the matter created in different size of system undergo the similar dy-namical process and have similar viscosity [38,39]?, and the last two questions are closely related. Recently the small system experiments were proposed for RHIC-STAR [40] and LHC-ALICE [41] to study the initial geometry distribution and fluctuations effects on momentum distribution at final stage.…”