The philosophy of storms

Espy, James P.; Little, Charles C; Brown, James Dean; Henry, Joseph

doi:10.5479/sil.1109113.39088016470767

Cited by 41 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Parmi les nombreuses campagnes de mesures effectuées durant le projet HyMeX, deux ont inclus des mesures acoustiques d'éclairs. La première, SOP1 (Special Observation Period 1, [Ducrocq et al, 2014;Defer et al, 2015]), Si le lien entre les orages et la condensation du contenu en eau de l'atmosphère a été évoqué pour la première fois par Espy [1841], c'est finalement à la sortie de la seconde guerre mondiale que la première description détaillée d'un orage est proposée, suite à la naissance du Thunderstorm Project motivé par les difficultés des avions à survoler les zones d'orages [Byers and Braham, 1949]. Les méthodes employées lors de ce projet sont considérées comme ayant largement fondé les travaux plus récents [Council, 1986].…”

Section: Orages Et Atmosphèreunclassified

Localization and quantification of the acoustical power of lightning flashes

Bestard

Farges²,

Coulouvrat

2022

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Lightning is an ubiquitous source of infrasound, and an essential climate variable. To observe lightning flashes, thunder measurement efficiently complements electromagnetic methods. Using acoustical arrays, time delays between sensors inform on the direction of sound arrival, while the difference between emission time and sound arrival provides the source distance. Combining two allows a geometrical reconstruction of lightning flashes viewed as sets of sound sources. The measured sound amplitude can also be back-propagated, compensating for absorption and density stratification. This allows us to evaluate the acoustical power of each detected source and the total power of an individual flash. This methodology has been carried out to analyse data from two campaigns in Southern continental France in 2012 and in Corsica in 2018. In Corsica, power from reconstructed sources could also be forward-propagated towards several isolated microphones and compared to measurement there, providing an additional validation of the method. A large number of events from the two campaigns has been analysed, including negative and positive cloud to ground discharges and intra-cloud ones. The analysis outlines the method efficiency, and the strong variability of lightning as sound sources, in terms of both power spatial distribution and global values.

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Section: Orages Et Atmosphèreunclassified

Localization and quantification of the acoustical power of lightning flashes

Bestard

Farges²,

Coulouvrat

2022

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…Among many others, they were studied by Anassimandro of Mileto in the sixth century B.C., Titus Lucretius Carus (60 B.C. ), Lucius Anneus Seneca (41 A.D.), Bohun (1671), Espy (1841), Peltier (1841), Finley (1882), Möller (1884), Ferrel (1889), Davis (1894), Brooks (1922), Simpson and Scrase (1937), and Suckstorff (1938).…”

Section: Thunderstorms and Downburstsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thunderstorm Downbursts and Wind Loading of Structures: Progress and Prospect

Solari

2020

Front. Built Environ.

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In 1961, Davenport published a paper, considered by most to be a critical work in the study of wind engineering, in which meteorology, micrometeorology, climatology, aerodynamics, and structural dynamics were embedded in a homogeneous framework of the wind loading of structures. This framework, known as Davenport chain and based on a wind model coherent with synoptic-scale extra-tropical cyclones, is so limpid as to become a sort of axiom. In 1977, Gomes and Vickery separated thunderstorm from non-thunderstorm winds, evaluated their extreme wind speed marginal distributions, and from them obtained a mixed statistical model later generalized to other wind types. This viewpoint, dealt with as a milestone in the emerging issue of mixed climatology, pointed out the difficulty of labeling a heterogeneous set of phenomena endowed with different velocity fields, frequencies, durations, and sizes by the generic term "wind." Many wind types, in particular tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and downslope winds are typical of limited and well-known areas. Extra-tropical depressions and thunderstorms are natural hazards that affect the whole planet. This paper provides a state-of-the-art discussion of thunderstorm downburst, one of the most spectacular and damaging events caused by nature, and its wind loading of structures. Also, in light of the planet's climatology evolution, this topic is a key issue of structural safety and sustainability.

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“…Several investigators have sought to explain the abnormally high tornadic winds on a physical basis. Espy [1841] suggested that the latent heat of condensation might produce the high velocities. Showalter [1943] pointed out that the weight and the cooling produced by hail might cause a sufficient concentration of energy.…”

Section: Q --C• Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical theory of tornadoes

Vonnegut¹

1960

J. Geophys. Res.

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Modern theory and observations appear to support the very old and almost forgotten idea that tornadoes are a manifestation of thunderstorm electricity. It is suggested that there is sufficient electrical energy in an intense thunderstorm to power a tornado and that the electrification could cause extraordinarily intense winds by electrically heating air or by accelerating charged air in an electric field.

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The philosophy of storms

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Localization and quantification of the acoustical power of lightning flashes

Localization and quantification of the acoustical power of lightning flashes

Thunderstorm Downbursts and Wind Loading of Structures: Progress and Prospect

Electrical theory of tornadoes

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