The Phosphorus Content of Lysosomes in Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells

Köpf-Maier, P.

doi:10.1159/000146994

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Maybe the ultracentrifugation of Ars 200cHG and the resulting changes in its microparticle composition can be related to this result, since the biggest particles present before centrifugation could also be phagocytosed, stimulating the cells. [38][39][40][41] The correlation between electric current flow through the liquids and the type of the vial used corroborates the hypothesis in which metal particles in suspension could improve conductivity 1,2,21,41 and possible organic contaminants from plastic could impair it. The size of these particles seems not to be important in this case, since Ars 200cHGC (only the supernatant of the medicine, after ultra-centrifugation) presented the highest values of electric current flow.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Biological Actions, Electrical Conductance and Silicon-Containing Microparticles of Arsenicum Album Prepared in Plastic and Glass Vials

et al. 2018

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Introduction According to the “silica hypothesis” formulated to explain homeopathy, the information of starting materials would be transferred to cells by silica nanoparticles detached from the glassware walls by serial dilution and agitation through epitaxy. We compared the biological activity, electrical current and silicon microparticle content (by means of scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) of high dilutions (HDs) of arsenic prepared in plastic and glass vials to investigate the role of silica in their biological effects in vitro. Materials and Methods Co-cultures of macrophages and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were treated with different HDs of arsenic prepared in plastic and glass vials. Macrophage morphology, phagocytosis index, nitric oxide (NO), and cytokine production were evaluated. Results Measurable amounts of silicon microparticles were detected only in the HDs prepared in glass vials, but ultra-centrifugation eliminated them. Specific and non-specific results were observed. Non-specific pro-inflammatory effects were seen in all dilutions prepared in plastic vials, including elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO and macrophage phagocytic index. Only the 200th centesimal dilution of arsenic produced specific decrease in interleukin-6 production in macrophages, and it was independent of the vial type or the presence of microparticles of silica in the medicine samples. The nature of the vials had an impact on the electric flow in the respective fluids. Conclusion The non-specific, pro-inflammatory effects might be attributed to organic residuals detached from the vials' plastic walls during manipulation. Instead, specific silica-independent effects of the homeopathic medicine can be attributed to the decrease of interleukin-6 after treatment with the 200th centesimal dilution of arsenic.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Biological Actions, Electrical Conductance and Silicon-Containing Microparticles of Arsenicum Album Prepared in Plastic and Glass Vials

et al. 2018

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“…edge, appear as bright dots in micrographs taken at energy losses beyond the P L2,? edge, a difference which seems to be far more pronounced than reported for GTA-fixed and Araldite-embedded hepatocytes (Kopf-Maier, 1990). In addition, heterochromatin regions exhibit a considerable increase in signal intensity when comparing micrographs taken at AE = 110-1 15 eV and AE = 150-155 eV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Electron spectroscopic study (ESI, EELS) of Nanoplast‐embedded mammalian lung

Fehrenbach

Richter

Schnabel

1992

Journal of Microscopy

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SUMMARY The potential of Nanoplast melamine resin embedding for the study of mammalian lung parenchyma was examined by means of electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS). Samples were either fixed with glutaralde‐hyde‐paraformaldehyde or glutaraldehyde‐tannic acid, or were directly transferred to the embedding medium without prior fixation. Organic dehydrants, as well as fixatives containing heavy metals and stains, were omitted. A very high level of ultrastructural detail of chromatin, ribosomes, mitochondria and plasma membranes was achieved by ESI from the Nanoplast‐embedded samples. The most prominent gain in ultrastructural detail was achieved when moving from an energy loss just below the L2,3 edge of phosphorus at 132 eV to an energy loss just beyond this edge. This reflects the prominent P L2,3 edge observed by EELS of Nanoplast‐embedded samples in comparison with conventionally processed samples. Thus, taking into account possible sectioning artefacts, excellent heterochromatin images which rely on the phosphorus distribution can be obtained from Nanoplast‐embedded samples by computer‐assisted analysis of electron spectroscopic images. In this respect glutaraldehyde‐paraformaldehyde fixation is preferable to glutaraldehyde‐tannic acid fixation because the presence of silicon, revealed by EELS, in tannic‐acid‐fixed samples may introduce artefacts in phosphorus distribution images obtained by the three‐window method because of the close proximity of the L2,3 edges of silicon and phosphorus.

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“…Köpf-Maier investigated the phosphorus content of lysosomes in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells and found that the lysosomes of Kupffer cells always comprise phosphorus in high density, whereas the hepatocyte lysosomes did not. Köpf-Maier concluded that the elemental composition of lysosomes in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells exhibited a pronounced and unexpected heterogeneity …”

Section: Results Of Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kopf-Maier concluded that the elemental composition of lysosomes in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells exhibited a pronounced and unexpected heterogeneity. 34 Tapper and Sundler assessed how different agents affecting intracellular pH influenced the secretion of lysosomal β-N-acetyl hexosaminidase and preloaded fluorescein-labeled dextran from cultured mouse PMs. Nigericin raised the lysosomal pH in both K + -and Na + -based media.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution Rate of Nanomaterials Determined by Ions and Particle Size under Lysosomal Conditions: Contributions to Standardization of Simulant Fluids and Analytical Methods

Zanoni

Keller

Sauer³

et al. 2022

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Dissolution of inhaled engineered nanomaterials (ENM) under physiological conditions is essential to predict the clearance of the ENM from the lungs and to assess their biodurability and the potential effects of released ions. Alveolar macrophage (AM) lysosomes contain a pH 4.5 saline brine with enzymes and other components. Different types of artificial phagolysosomal simulant fluids (PSFs) have been developed for dissolution testing, but the consequence of using different media is not known. In this study, we tested to which extent six fundamentally different PSFs affected the ENM dissolution kinetics and particle size as determined by a validated transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis. Three lysosomal simulant media were consistent with each other and with in vivo clearance. These media predict the quick dissolution of ZnO, the partial dissolution of SiO2, and the very slow dissolution of TiO2. The valid media use either a mix of organic acids (with the total concentration below 0.5 g/L, thereof citric acid below 0.15 g/L) or another organic acid (KH phthalate). For several ENM, including ZnO, BaSO4, and CeO2, all these differences induce only minor modulation of the dissolution rates. Only for TiO2 and SiO2, the interaction with specific organic acids is highly sensitive, probably due to sequestration of the ions, and can lead to wrong predictions when compared to the in vivo behavior. The media that fail on TiO2 and SiO2 dissolution use citric acid at concentrations above 5 g/L (up to 28 g/L). In the present selection of ENM, fluids, and methods, the different lysosomal simulant fluids did not induce changes of particle morphology, except for small changes in SiO2 and BaSO4 particles most likely due to ion dissolution, reprecipitation, and coalescence between neighboring particles. Based on the current evidence, the particle size by TEM analysis is not a sufficiently sensitive analytical method to deduce the rate of ENM dissolution in physiological media. In summary, we recommend the standardization of ENM dissolution testing by one of the three valid lysosomal simulant fluids with determination of the dissolution rate and halftime by the quantification of ions. This recommendation was established for a continuous flow system but may be relevant as well for static (batch) solubility testing.

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The Phosphorus Content of Lysosomes in Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Biological Actions, Electrical Conductance and Silicon-Containing Microparticles of Arsenicum Album Prepared in Plastic and Glass Vials

Biological Actions, Electrical Conductance and Silicon-Containing Microparticles of Arsenicum Album Prepared in Plastic and Glass Vials

Electron spectroscopic study (ESI, EELS) of Nanoplast‐embedded mammalian lung

Dissolution Rate of Nanomaterials Determined by Ions and Particle Size under Lysosomal Conditions: Contributions to Standardization of Simulant Fluids and Analytical Methods

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