“…The F Cai D 85 was measured using custom-written MATLAB (MATLAB R2014a; MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) software to measure the time from onset of the F Cai signal to 85% measured from the peak of the F Cai amplitude back to the baseline of the same F Cai . The F Cai signals were analyzed as a surrogate for voltage signal because of its much higher fluorescence intensity (Himel, Savarese, & El-Sherif, 2011;Tung & Zhang, 2006). Although in the conventional monolayer the triangular F Cai D 85 signal may be slightly different from the duration of the voltage signal, we have previously shown that in the AP-A monolayer the prolonged F Cai D 85 roughly approximates the prolonged voltage duration (Himel et al, 2013).…”