The Photon-Baryon Governed Universe

Abstract

In a previous paper we postulated that the repulsive force responsible for the universal expansion is associated with the excitation of the empty space (quantum vacuum) and the excitation energy is represented by the energy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). In this paper, we show that the concept of the repulsive space expanding photon field (i) can successfully be applied to explain the local velocity anomaly of the Milky Way Galaxy as shown by Faber and Burstein (1998) and Tully (1998), (ii) offers a convincing explanation of the still disputed question of the cosmological expansion on local and intergalactic scales discussed by , and (iii) explains the redshift (RS) of the CMB in accordance with the law of energy conservation without the need for dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE). Probably the most remarkable result of this model (abbreviated as photon/baryon: PB model in the following discussion) is that the individual voids building up the soup-bubble-(SB-) like galaxy distribution are the governing dynamical components of the universal expansion. Further consequence implies that the universe is considerably older than the interpretation of the Hubble constant as expansion velocity suggests.

Hubble Diagram Test of 280 Supernovae Redshift Data

“…The results presented in the literature, however, are not undisputed and are still a matter of debate. LaViolette [2] and more recently, López-Corredoira [3], Crawford [4], and Marosi [5][6][7] have shown that the static or slowly expanding universe models fit the observational data better than the data calculated on the basis of the presently prevailing ΛCDM model.…”

A Possible Role of the Energetically Excited Quantum Vacuum in Cosmology:A Potential Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems–The Excitation Energy Dominated Era

“…Since voids are regions of suppressed gravity, the repulsive force of the EEQV overwhelms the gravitational attraction within the voids, and consequently the voids expand. Results indicate [39] that the universe expands with a velocity of h ≈ 0.04 comparable to the expansion rate of the local void. The age of universe can therefore be inferred as ≈ 100 billion years, and galaxies can be formed in a regular way without the need for DM and/or DE.…”

“…The large number of hypothetical objects and unprovable hypotheses raises legitimate doubts about the validity of the underlying ΛCDM theory, and suggest the need for alternative theories that can account for cosmological observations without DM and/or DE and without resorting to unprovable hypotheses. In recent years a number of papers have appeared in the literature explaining CMB anisotropy, flat rotation curves of galaxies and further astronomical observations [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] as well as proposals of new universe models without DM or DE or both [14,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45].…”

“…Marosi [39,40] was the first to point out the striking fact that the total energy of the CMB contained in the universe has a value close to the gravitational energy GM 2 /R, i.e. :…”