The photon beamline vacuum system of the European XFEL

Dommach, M.; Felice, M. Di; Dickert, Bianca; Finze, D.; Eidam, J.; Kohlstrunk, N.; Neumann, Maik; Meyn, F.; Petrich, Michaela; Rio, Benoit; Sinn, H.; Villanueva, R.

doi:10.1107/s1600577521005154

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The photon energy was scanned over a range of 1 keV (700–1700 eV) in 25 eV steps while maintaining a constant high number of photons per pulse (0.5 or 1 × 10 13 ) throughout the scan. This was facilitated by (i) the tunable variable-gap SASE3 undulators 63 , (ii) the high energies per pulse (2.3–6.4 mJ), and (iii) a fast-responding, 15-metre-long gas attenuator filled with nitrogen gas 64 . The attenuator was adjusted for every photon energy to compensate for the change in initial pulse energy and used to perform fluence scans over more than two orders of magnitude at fixed photon energies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-core-hole resonance spectroscopy with ultraintense X-ray pulses

Rörig,

Son,

Mazza

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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Understanding the interaction of intense, femtosecond X-ray pulses with heavy atoms is crucial for gaining insights into the structure and dynamics of matter. One key aspect of nonlinear light–matter interaction was, so far, not studied systematically at free-electron lasers—its dependence on the photon energy. Here, we use resonant ion spectroscopy to map out the transient electronic structures occurring during the complex charge-up pathways of xenon. Massively hollow atoms featuring up to six simultaneous core holes determine the spectra at specific photon energies and charge states. We also illustrate how different X-ray pulse parameters, which are usually intertwined, can be partially disentangled. The extraction of resonance spectra is facilitated by the possibility of working with a constant number of photons per X-ray pulse at all photon energies and the fact that the ion yields become independent of the peak fluence beyond a saturation point. Our study lays the groundwork for spectroscopic investigations of transient atomic species in exotic, multiple-core-hole states that have not been explored previously.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-core-hole resonance spectroscopy with ultraintense X-ray pulses

Rörig,

Son,

Mazza

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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“…(c) Upstream XTD2 and downstream XTD9 single-shot linear correlation with a slope of 0.86 (beamline transmission) and correlation coefficient of 0.98 for a selection of some intra-train pulse numbers (color code). settings were kept constant, but during the DAQ run the pulse energies were decreased continuously using the SASE3 gas attenuator (Dommach et al, 2021). The transmission was decreased every 30 s from 100%, down to 90%, 80%, .…”

Section: Intra-train Non-linearity and Repetition Rate Limit Of Hampmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard X-ray operation of X-ray gas monitors at the European XFEL

Maltezopoulos,

Brinker,

Dietrich

et al. 2024

J Synchrotron Radiat

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X-ray gas monitors (XGMs) are operated at the European XFEL for non-invasive single-shot pulse energy measurements and average beam-position monitoring. The underlying measurement principle is the photo-ionization of rare gas atoms at low gas pressures and the detection of the photo-ions and photo-electrons created. These are essential for tuning and sustaining self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) operation, machine radiation safety, and sorting single-shot experimental data according to pulse energy. In this paper, the first results from XGM operation at photon energies up to 30 keV are presented, which are far beyond the original specification of this device. Here, the Huge Aperture MultiPlier (HAMP) is used for single-shot pulse energy measurements since the standard X-ray gas monitor detectors (XGMDs) do not provide a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, even at the highest operating gas pressures. A single-shot correlation coefficient of 0.98 is measured between consecutive XGMs operated with HAMP, which is as good as measuring with the standard XGMD detectors. An intra-train non-linearity of the HAMP signal is discovered, and operation parameters to mitigate this effect are studied. The upper repetition rate limit of HAMP operation at 2.25 MHz is also determined. Finally, the possibilities and limits for future XGM operation at photon energies up to 50 keV are discussed.

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“…The SXP instrument shares the SASE 3 undulator and the first part of the X-ray transport system [11,12] with the baseline instruments SCS and SQS. The X-ray transport system, depicted in Fig.…”

Section: X-ray Transport Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SXP instrument at the European XFEL

Grychtol

Kohlstrunk

Buck

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The successful implementation of the baseline instruments at the European XFEL has triggered a second phase of instrument developments aiming to extend the portfolio of available techniques. At the soft X-ray undulator (SASE 3), the Soft X-ray Port (SXP) instrument is currently under construction. Conceived as an open port, it focuses primarily on femtosecond time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-XPES), which has proven to be a powerful tool to understand the properties of materials and the interaction between their internal degrees of freedom. The extension of this technique to the soft X-ray energy range is only possible at MHz free electron lasers (FELs) due to space-charge effects which limit the maximum photon flux per pulse on the sample. In this contribution, the SXP instrument at the European XFEL and the implementation of TR-XPES using a momentum microscope are presented. The photon energy range available at SASE 3, 0.25 keV to 3.5 keV, and the variable polarization will allow for the simultaneous characterization of the electronic, magnetic, chemical and structural properties of materials with femtosecond time resolution. To this end, a wide range of laser excitation wavelengths, ranging from the XUV to the THz region, will be available.

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The photon beamline vacuum system of the European XFEL

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Multiple-core-hole resonance spectroscopy with ultraintense X-ray pulses

Multiple-core-hole resonance spectroscopy with ultraintense X-ray pulses

Hard X-ray operation of X-ray gas monitors at the European XFEL

The SXP instrument at the European XFEL

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