The Photorefractive Effect in Inorganic and Organic Materials

Montemezzani, G.; Medrano, C.; Zgonik, M.; Günter, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49713-4_4

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…[15]), the PR effect was demonstrated in compound semiconductors (GaAs, InP, CdTe etc. [ 41 , 42 ] ), III-V and II-VI semiconductor multiple quantum wells (MQWs), [ 43 , 44 ] organic crystals (COANP doped with TCNQ, MNBA, DAST [ 15 ] ), liquid crystalline materials (containing doped photorefractive LCs and polymer dispersed LCs (PDLC), see below), and amorphous materials. A more or less direct comparison of the different approaches in terms of performance and properties can be found in Ref.…”

Section: Photorefractive Materials Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more or less direct comparison of the different approaches in terms of performance and properties can be found in Ref. [15].…”

Section: Photorefractive Materials Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several defi nitions of sensitivity can be found in the literature. [ 15 ] Generally, materials which need less time at a lower irradiance to reach a specifi ed refractive index modulation feature the respective higher sensitivities. The amplitude of the refractive index modulation and hence obtained diffraction effi ciency can be defi ned due to the necessities of the target application of the material.…”

Section: Sensitivity (Diffraction Effi Ciency and Response Time)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several PR systems are described in the literature: besides a huge variety of inorganic crystals (BaTiO 3 , [ 36 ] KNbO 3 , [ 37 ] LiNbO 3 , [ 38 , 39 ] Sn 2 P 2 S 6 (SPS) [ 40 ] to name just a few prominent examples (for a comprehensive overview, the reader is referred to Ref. [15]), the PR effect was demonstrated in compound semiconductors (GaAs, InP, CdTe etc. [ 41 , 42 ] ), III-V and II-VI semiconductor multiple quantum wells (MQWs), [ 43 , 44 ] organic crystals (COANP doped with TCNQ, MNBA, DAST [ 15 ] ), liquid crystalline materials (containing doped photorefractive LCs and polymer dispersed LCs (PDLC), see below), and amorphous materials.…”

Section: Photorefractive Materials Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

2011

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This review describes recent advances and applications in the field of organic photorefractive materials, an interesting area in the field of organic electronics and promising candidate for various aspects of photonic applications. We describe the current state of knowledge about the processes involved in the formation of photorefractive gratings in organic materials and focus on the chemical and photo‐physical aspects of the material structures employed in low glass‐transition temperature amorphous composites and organic photorefractive glasses. State‐of‐the art materials are highlighted and recent demonstrations of photonic applications relying on the reversible holographic nature of the photorefractive materials are discussed.

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Section: Photorefractive Materials Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more or less direct comparison of the different approaches in terms of performance and properties can be found in Ref. [15].…”

Section: Photorefractive Materials Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sensitivity (Diffraction Effi Ciency and Response Time)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photorefractive Materials Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

2011

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“…In 1994, 15 a high diffraction efficiency of 86% (the remaining 14% was attributed to optical losses) and a large optical gain exceeding 200 cm À1 was reported in photoconductive PVK-based PR composites. Over the past two decades, many featured review articles [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and book chapters [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] have been published, which have given us a technical understanding, and have provided researchers in the field with a direction for the development of relevant applications. The latest comprehensive review on PR polymer composites was reported in 2011, 26 and a review on its applications for holography was published in 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Tsutsumi

2016

Polym J

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This review article describes the current state-of-the-art research on organic photorefractive polymer composites. A historical background on photorefractive materials is first introduced and is followed by a discussion on the opto-physical aspects and the mechanism of photorefractivity. The molecular design of photorefractive polymers and organic compounds is discussed, followed by a discussion on optical applications of the photorefractive polymers. Polymer Journal (2016) 48, 571-588; doi:10.1038/pj.2015.131; published online 27 January 2016 BACKGROUND In this report, the molecular design of organic photorefractive (PR) polymers is reviewed. Organic PR polymers are materials that possess both electro-optical and photoconductive properties. Research on photoconductive polymers, whose pioneering polymer is poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK, PVCz), began in the 1960s. From the 1980s, research on organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials has been widely conducted in the fields of organic electro-optics and optical nonlinearity. From the 1990s, new technology using organic photorefractivity combined with photoconductive and electro-optical properties was introduced in the field of organic semiconducting materials, 1 and organic light-emitting diodes 2-6 and organic fieldeffect transistors 7 were also debuted in this field. At the same time, the interest of researchers also turned toward the development of organic photovoltaic cells and organic solar cells. [8][9][10][11] The transport of charge carriers through photoconductive manifolds is a common phenomenon found in PR, organic light-emitting diode or organic photovoltaic materials. Thus, the development of materials in each field is expected to merge together to trigger the development of novel materials.The PR effect is a well-known phenomenon that is observed in materials in which refractive index modulation is induced by the space-charge field that results from the redistribution of positive and negative charge carriers separated through photo-excitation. 12 This phenomenon was first reported in inorganic crystals of lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ) and was observed through heterogeneous optically induced refractive indices in 1966. 13 Since then, the PR effect has extensively been investigated in many inorganic crystals, and theoretical approaches have been established to explain this phenomenon. 14 In 1991, 1 the first study of PR polymers reported a low diffraction efficiency of 10 −3 to 1% and a small optical gain of 0.33 cm À1 . In 1994, 15 a high diffraction efficiency of 86% (the remaining 14% was attributed to optical losses) and a large optical gain exceeding 200 cm À1 was reported in photoconductive PVK-based PR composites. Over the past two decades, many featured review articles [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and book

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Photorefraction

Andrews¹,

Zrebiec²

2005

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Photorefraction is the spatial modulation of the index of refraction of a material arising from an intensity modulation of the incident light. The specific mechanism for photorefraction requires the photo‐generation of mobile charges (typically holes in polymers), transport and trapping of the charges through photoconduction, and the modulation of the index of refraction by space‐charge fields through the electro‐optic effect and orientational alignment of molecular dipoles. A model for photorefractive processes, including orientational enhancement effects, is presented. Commonly studied polymer composites suited for photorefractive applications are described along with methods for assessing figures of merit for applications of photorefractive polymeric materials.

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The Photorefractive Effect in Inorganic and Organic Materials

Cited by 13 publications

References 176 publications

Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Photorefraction

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