The Phylogeny of the Panorpoid Orders

Hinton, H. E.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.03.010158.001145

Cited by 134 publications

(99 citation statements)

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“…In particular, it would be desirable to know the sequence of a more primitive Hymenopteran than the honeybee. This is especially important since the phylogenies suggested by the m t D N A analysis here can find little support from other sources of phylogenetic data based on classical observations (e.g., Hinton 1958;Hennig 1981). Another important consideration arising from these comparisons is the potential difficulty with using t R N A rearrangements as phylogenetic characters for evolutionary studies at deep levels of taxonomy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…2. The last (and most parsimonious) explanation for the tRNA orders contradicts the accepted view of insect evolution, which treats the Holometabola as a monophyletic group (Hinton 1958;Hennig 1981). However, the other explanations (as well as any other models for the observed patterns) involve multiple rearrangements at the same site and such reorganizations of tRNA genes have not been previously reported in metazoan mtDNA.…”

Section: Genome Organizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Paleontological evidence suggests that the Homometabola may be of relatively recent origin, since fossils are found no earlier than the Triassic period (250-213 million years ago), whereas, for example, fossils of orthopteroid orders have been dated to 350 million years ago (Wooton 1981;Carpenter and Burnham 1985). The Holometabola are often taken to be monophyletic (Hinton 1958;Hennig 1981), but their relationships to the earlier Hemimetabola are unclear and indeed controversial (Kristensen 1991;Pashley et al 1993). Molecular studies have been undertaken to examine evolution of individual mitochondrial genes among different insect orders, notably the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene (Liu and Beckenbach t992), but the sequences have failed to generate sufficiently robust phylogenies to make confident statements about insect evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The sequence, organization, and evolution of the Locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome

1995

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The sequencing of the cloned Locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome has been completed. The sequence is 15,722 bp in length and contains 75.3% A+T, the lowest value in any of the five insect mitochondrial sequences so far determined. The protein coding genes have a similar A+T content (74.1%) but are distinguished by a high cytosine content at the third codon position. The gene content and organization are the same as in Drosophila yakuba except for a rearrangement of the two tRNA genes tRNAlys and tRNAasp. The A+T-rich region has a lower A+T nucleotide content than in other insects, and this is largely due to the presence of two G+C-rich 155-bp repetitive sequences at the 5'end of this section and the beginning of the adjacent small rRNA gene. The sizes of the large and small rRNA genes are 1,314 and 827 bp, respectively, and both sequences can be folded to form secondary structures similar to those previously predicted for Drosophila. The tRNA genes have also been modeled and these show a strong resemblance to the dipteran tRNAs, all anticodons apparently being conserved between the two species. A comparison of the protein coding nucleotide sequences of the locust DNA with the homologous sequences of five other arthropods (Drosophila yakuba, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, and Artemia franciscana) was performed. The amino acid composition of the encoded proteins in Locusta is similar to that of Drosophila, with a Dayhoff distance twice that of the distance between the fruit fly and the mosquitoes. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the locust genes to be more similar to those of the Dipterans than to those of the honeybee at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels. A comparative analysis of tRNA orders, using crustacean mtDNAs as outgroups, supported this. This high level of divergence in the Apis genome has been noted elsewhere and is possibly an effect of directional mutation pressure having resulted in an accelerated pattern of sequence evolution. If the general assumption that the Holometabola are monophyletic holds, then these results emphasize the difficulties of reconstructing phylogenies that include lineages with variable substitution rates and base composition biases. The need to exercise caution in using information about tRNA gene orders in phylogenetic analysis is also illustrated. However, if the honeybee sequence is excluded, the correspondence between the other five arthropod sequences supports the findings of previous studies which have endorsed the use of mtDNA sequences for studies of phylogeny at deep levels of taxonomy when mutation rates are equivalent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Genome Organizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The sequence, organization, and evolution of the Locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome

1995

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“…The mesal seta of the basistipes (Mx1) is the longest seta on the head, whereas the lateral one (Mx2) is about as long as SS3. The dististipes is divided into two segments, as is the rule in the Ditrysia (Hinton, 1958). The first segment is an incomplete ring bearing one seta (Mx3), which is usually slightly shorter than Mx2; the second is also an incomplete ring, which bears a short seta (Mx4) on its mesal extremity and two pores, Mxd just proximo-externally to Mx4 and Mxe externally and in axis with seta Mx2.…”

Section: Chaetotaxymentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval morphology of Heterogynis (Lepidoptera: Heterogynidae)

Vegliante¹,

Zilli²

2004

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. The external morphology and chaetotaxy of the larvae of Heterogynidae (Lepidoptera) are described in order to provide information of potential phylogenetic value for the reconstruction of the systematic relationships within the Zygaenoidea. The most outstanding characteristics of heterogynid larvae are their modified habitus during diapause, the presence of an epipharyngeal lamella, the shape of the prothoracic shield, the presence in the first instar of an organ of unknown function on the middorsum of the mesothorax ("Chapman's organ"), the absence of V2, V3 and Va on the head, the absence of V1 on the prothorax and the presence of two primary setae on the inner side of the proleg, the last trait representing an autapomorphy of the family. A number of possible synapomorphies with the Zygaenidae (e.g. presence of cuticular cavities) suggest a close relationship between these two families, but other larval and adult traits are shared only with the "Phaudinae" and limacodid-group families of the Zygaenoidea (viz. absence of V1 on the prothorax with the "Phaudinae", reduced proboscis and absence of ocelli with them all). Nevertheless, a lack of knowledge of the preimaginal instars of species from some zygaenoid families, and of the homology and polarity of given characters of groups within and outside the Zygaenoidea, hamper a thorough comparison of larvae.

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“…There are two conflicting hypotheses about the larval prolegs of holometabolous insects as to whether they are serially homologous with thoracic legs (Birket-Smith, 1984). The abdominal prolegs were once supposed to be serially homologous with thoracic legs (Matsuda, 1976), but were regarded as secondary adaptive structures not homologous with the thoracic legs in panorpoid insects (Hinton, 1958).…”

Section: Abdominal Prolegsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic development of the scorpionfly Panorpa emarginata Cheng with special reference to external morphology (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Yue

Hua

2009

Journal of Morphology

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The Mecoptera are thought to be one of the most primitive groups in the Holometabola, but their embryology is rarely studied. By means of scanning electron microscopy, we studied the external features of the embryo of the scorpionfly Panorpa emarginata in middle and late development. The embryo remains in the superficial position until hatching. Embryonic development can be divided into 10 stages along with the first-instar larva. The external features are described from the germ band to the first-instar larva, with special reference to the components and segmentation of the head, the segmentation of abdomen and the formation of abdominal prolegs. Our results confirm that the head consists of an anterior-most acron and six trunk segments: the labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, and labial segments. The labrum is confirmed to derive from the paired appendages. Our observations also provide additional direct evidence that the abdominal prolegs are not serially homologous with the thoracic legs. The presence of the eleventh abdominal segment is clarified.

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The Phylogeny of the Panorpoid Orders

Cited by 134 publications

References 0 publications

The sequence, organization, and evolution of the Locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome

The sequence, organization, and evolution of the Locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome

Larval morphology of Heterogynis (Lepidoptera: Heterogynidae)

Embryonic development of the scorpionfly Panorpa emarginata Cheng with special reference to external morphology (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

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