The Physical Behavior of Stabilised Soft Clay by Electrokinetic Stabilisation Technology

Azhar, A T S; Nordin, Nurul Syakeera; Azmi, Mohd Azham; Embong, Zaidi; Sunar, Norshuhaila Mohamed; Hazreek, Z A M; Madun, Aziman

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012111

Cited by 5 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It can be seen that the combined effect of reduction in liquid limit and increase in plastic limit has resulted in a reduction in plasticity of the stabilized soil for both CH and CC stabilized soil. Azhar et al [21] and Abdullah and Abadi [3] reported a reduction in plasticity index of the soil due to EKS using enhancement fluids like calcium chloride whereas Ozkan et al [15] reported a contrasting trend of increase in Atterberg limits due to EKS when using aluminium and phosphate ions injection. The plasticity index of EKSCH reduced to 32.2% from the initial value of 39.9% for VES, whereas it reduced to 15.1% for EKSCC, a drastic reduction in plasticity index, predominantly due to the reduction in liquid limit.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the available investigations, only those investigations were considered which used either CH or CC as cationic fluid for EKS. Specifically, three investigations done by Abdullah and Abadi [3], Azhar et al [21] and Ranjitha and Blessing [19] were considered for the comparison as all three investigations adopted CC fluid as one of their/only cationic fluid for EKS. According to Page and Page [35], electrolyte composition, pH, electrical conductivity, field strength, water content, soil chemistry, soil structure, nature and arrangement of electrodes are some important factors influencing EK.…”

Section: A Comparative Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data was not normalized for duration of testing due to non-linear relationship between the duration and stabilization or improvement achieved and extreme variations in the durations adopted by the various studies considered. Since, the present investigation determined the average values of plasticity and swell, the data reported by Abdullah and Abadi [3] as well as Azhar et al [21] for different locations within the soil were combined to obtain a single average data for the purpose of comparison. Figure 8 shows the comparison of the normalised percentage reduction achieved in plasticity of the soil after EKS in various studies considered.…”

Section: A Comparative Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 8 shows the comparison of the normalised percentage reduction achieved in plasticity of the soil after EKS in various studies considered. Azhar et al [21] and Ranjith and Blessing [19] had adopted only CC fluid in their investigations. It can be clearly seen that CC fluid adopted in the present study gave the maximum reduction in plasticity compared to all the four studies.…”

Section: A Comparative Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In EKS, several investigators have adopted calcium chloride (CC) solution as cationic fluid [3], [14], [18]- [23]. In the available investigations on EKS in literature, a majority have concentrated on the shear strength of the stabilized soil [14], [16]- [18], [20], [23], whereas very few investigators have focussed on other properties like plasticity and swell [3], [15], [19], [21]. Thus, in this investigation an attempt was made to compare the effect of traditional lime in the form of a solution of calcium hydroxide (CH) with a solution of CC, when adopted as cationic fluids for stabilization of a high plastic expansive clay, on its plasticity and swell-shrink properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasticity and Swell-Shrink Behaviour of Electrokinetically Stabilized Virgin Expansive Soil using Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride Solutions as Cationic Fluids

James

Kumar

et al. 2019

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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This investigation focussed on the plasticity and swell-shrink behaviour of an expansive soil that was stabilized using electro kinetic stabilization (EKS) techniques with cationic fluids for enhancement of stabilization. 0.25 M solutions of calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride were used as cationic fluids. An electro kinetic (EK) cell of dimensions 500 mm x 150 mm x 160 mm with inert graphite electrodes of size 140 mm x 160 mm x 5 mm was adopted for the stabilization process, carried out at an applied voltage of 40 V over a period of 6 hours. After the duration of the test, stabilized soil sample was subjected to Atterberg limits and free swell tests to determine its plasticity and swell-shrink characteristics. The results of the investigation found that both fluids were capable of reducing the plasticity and swell-shrink behaviour of the soil with different levels of effectiveness.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Comparative Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Comparative Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Comparative Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Plasticity and Swell-Shrink Behaviour of Electrokinetically Stabilized Virgin Expansive Soil using Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride Solutions as Cationic Fluids

James

Kumar

et al. 2019

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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An electrokinetic-biocementation study for clay stabilisation using carbonic anhydrase-producing bacteria

Mwandira,

Mavroulidou,

Satheesh

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study investigates the feasibility of biocementing clay soil underneath a railway embankment of the UK rail network via carbonic anhydrase (CA) biocementation, implementing the treatments electrokinetically. Compared to previous biocementation studies using the ureolytic route, the CA pathway is attractive as CA-producing bacteria can sequester CO2 to produce biocement. Clay soil samples were treated electrokinetically using biostimulation and bioaugmentation conditions to induce biocementation. The effects of the treatment were assessed in terms of undrained shear strength using the cone penetration test, moisture content, and calcium carbonate content measurements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were also conducted on soil samples before and after treatment to evaluate the reaction products. The results showed that upon biostimulation, the undrained shear strength of the soil increased uniformly throughout the soil, from 17.6 kPa (in the natural untreated state) to 106.6 kPa. SEM micrographs also showed a clear change in the soil structure upon biostimulation. Unlike biostimulation, bioaugmentation did not have the same performance, although a high amount of CaCO3 precipitates was detected, and bacteria were observed to have entered the soil. The prospects are exciting, as it was shown that it is possible to achieve a considerable strength increase by the biostimulation of native bacteria capturing CO2 while improving the soil strength, thus having the potential to contribute both to the resilience of existing railway infrastructure and to climate change mitigation.

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Evaluating Engineering Properties of Marine Clay Soil at Malacca and Proposed Methods of Quality Enhancement

2020

IJETER

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Malacca City is located along the western coastline of Peninsular Malaysia and lays on a foundation of soft marine clay. In studying the soil properties of the state of Malacca, samples were taken at a depth of 2.5 meters from the ground surface, whereby the water level was encountered at 1.0-meter depth following the water level of the Malacca river. Soil testing was performed on the collected samples to identify geotechnical parameters as an indication of Malacca marine clay properties and were compared to the engineering parameters of South East Asia marine clays. As per the comparison, the laboratory results have shown that the Malacca marine clay was found to be following the average general trend of identical engineering properties for the other marine clays considered in this research paper. Water content was found to be 74.15%, liquid limit 75.3%, plastic limit 35%, plasticity index 41.55, compressibility index 3.780 m 2 /yr compression index 0.948, swelling index 0.174, and preconsolidation stress 103.54 kPa, and specific gravity 2.60. Different types of soil improvement were also reviewed in terms of their limitations, required scale of application, cost, time, and environmental restrictions to find the most suitable method to improve the engineering properties of Malacca marine clay.

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The Physical Behavior of Stabilised Soft Clay by Electrokinetic Stabilisation Technology

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Plasticity and Swell-Shrink Behaviour of Electrokinetically Stabilized Virgin Expansive Soil using Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride Solutions as Cationic Fluids

Plasticity and Swell-Shrink Behaviour of Electrokinetically Stabilized Virgin Expansive Soil using Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride Solutions as Cationic Fluids

An electrokinetic-biocementation study for clay stabilisation using carbonic anhydrase-producing bacteria

Evaluating Engineering Properties of Marine Clay Soil at Malacca and Proposed Methods of Quality Enhancement

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