The physical demands of mixed martial arts: A narrative review using the ARMSS model to provide a hierarchy of evidence

Kirk, Christopher; Clark, David R; Langan-Evans, Carl; Morton, James P.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1802093

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…In conclusion, we report for the first time typical weekly and daily training load and periodisation strategies employed by MMA athletes. Such information has not previously been provided in the literature, an omission which may prevent effective training and performance models from being developed or utilised [35]. In contrast to our hypothesis, we observed limited evidence of training periodisation within or between weekly microcycles.…”

Section: Plos Onecontrasting

confidence: 98%

“…Studies should also be conducted to determine effects of different tapering strategies on both performance and weight making prior to competition. It is of key importance to note, however, that physiological requirements of and responses to MMA competition are largely unquantified [35]. This leaves a void in the planning of training due to a lack of known physiological targets to be achieved.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The void in our understanding of the training practices of MMA may explain the aforementioned absence of physiological adaptations to MMA training [6], as well as the apparent lack of application of research to practice [35]. Therefore, the aim of the study was to quantify the typical training load and periodisation strategies completed by MMA athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of training load distribution in mixed martial arts athletes: A lack of periodisation and load management

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to quantify typical training load and periodisation practices of MMA athletes. MMA competitors (n = 14; age = 22.4 ± 4.4 years; body mass = 71.3 ± 7.7 kg; stature = 171 ±9.9 cm) were observed during training for 8 consecutive weeks without intervention. Seven athletes were training for competitive bouts whilst the remaining 7 were not. Daily training duration, intensity (RPE), load (sRPE and segRPE), fatigue (short questionnaire of fatigue) and body region soreness (CR10 scale) were recorded. Using Bayesian analyses (BF10≥3), data demonstrate that training duration (weekly mean range = 3.9–5.3 hours), sRPE (weekly mean range = 1,287–1,791 AU), strain (weekly mean range = 1,143–1,819 AU), monotony (weekly mean range = 0.63–0.83 AU), fatigue (weekly mean range = 16–20 AU) and soreness did not change within or between weeks. Between weeks monotony (2.3 ± 0.7 AU) supported little variance in weekly training load. There were no differences in any variable between participants who competed and those who did not with the except of the final week before the bout, where an abrupt step taper occurred leading to no between group differences in fatigue. Training intensity distribution corresponding to high, moderate and low was 20, 33 and 47%, respectively. Striking drills accounted for the largest portion of weekly training time (20–32%), with MMA sparring the least (2–7%). Only striking sparring and wrestling sparring displayed statistical weekly differences in duration or load. Athletes reported MMA sparring and wrestling sparring as high intensity (RPE≥7), BJJ sparring, striking sparring and wrestling drills as moderate intensity (RPE 5–6), and striking drills and BJJ drills as low intensity (RPE≤4). We conclude that periodisation of training load was largely absent in this cohort of MMA athletes, as is the case within and between weekly microcycles.

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Section: Plos Onecontrasting

confidence: 98%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of training load distribution in mixed martial arts athletes: A lack of periodisation and load management

et al. 2021

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“…This conceptually logical error restricts traditional national sports and their culture and invisibly promotes the unsound transplantation of traditional national sports and Chinese traditional culture. 5 This will narrow the space for traditional national sports development, and even unhealthy grafting and transplantation will occur.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Existing Problems In The Construction Of The Discipline Of Traditional National Sports The Problem Of Imperfect mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disciplinary Construction and Cultivation System of Wushu and National Traditional Sports

Fan

2021

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: With the advent of the network information age, the teaching of martial arts and traditional national sports has broken the limitations of the previous “teaching by precept and deeds” and combined with computer information technology to construct a teaching resource system for martial arts and traditional national sports, realizing the sharing of teaching resources. Objective: The article determines the concept of teaching resource integration by formulating a resource integration plan for the teaching resource system of martial arts and traditional national sports majors. At the same time provides a theoretical basis for the resource integration of the teaching resource system. Methods: The article takes the general university martial arts and national traditional sports discipline model as the research object, uses the method of literature data, investigation, logical analysis and other methods to research some general university martial arts and traditional national sports discipline curriculum models, and analyzes the existing ones. Results: The article formulated the resource integration plan of the professional teaching platform and provided theoretical guidance for the resource integration of the professional teaching resource platform. Secondly, it analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of resource integration of the teaching resource platform combining martial arts and sports. It proposes corresponding improvement suggestions to improve the quality and efficiency of the teaching resource platform. Conclusions: The teaching resource platform combining martial arts and physical education forms a relatively complete teaching resource system; reasonable teaching resource module design; realizes the network sharing of professional teaching resources in colleges and universities; the martial arts rank system highlights the key points and demonstrates the characteristics of the times. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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“…The sport has experienced a tremendous growth in popularity (Blue, 2013), and both physiological (e.g., La Bounty et al, 2011), sociological (e.g., Spencer, 2009, psychosocial aspects (e.g., Blomqvist Mickelsson, 2020) and performance aspects (e.g., James et al, 2019) have increasingly become subject for more in-depth investigation, although the general research around MMA remains largely under explored (Jensen et al, 2013). The absence of MMA research is evident, as recent reviews on physiological foundations in combat sports did not include any study on MMA at all (James et al, 2016) or concluded that the nature of the physiological research on MMA athletes are primarily descriptive and weak (Kirk et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance increments without audience: paired data from mixed martial arts fighters during COVID-19

Mickelsson

Shaw

2020

Rev. artes marciales asiát.

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During COVID-19, athletes have been forced to compete in the absence of audience. Athletic and cognitive performance have been shown to be both incremented and decremented when competing either with or without audience, something that has been termed ‘social facilitation’. The current study sought to investigate this effect in a naturalistic experiment due to the current pandemic, in a sport in which the effect has never been examined; mixed martial arts (MMA). A performance variable was constructed, and data from 86 fighters who competed during COVID-19 were collected and compared to previous competition history. In total, 586 bouts were analyzed. Data distribution and assumptions were explored in which non-normal distribution was found. Subsequently, a test of marginal homogeneity and a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were performed. The results showed that MMA fighters who won their bout without audience displayed poorer performance’s in previous bouts, which were attended by audience. The current study further explores the notion of social facilitation effects and suggests there may be a need to pro-actively incorporate training alternatives that could mitigate performance decrements in fighters who are prone to negative effects due to external stimuli, such as an audience. However, due to the limited observations in the non-audience condition the study results should be interpreted cautiously and considered highly preliminary.

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The physical demands of mixed martial arts: A narrative review using the ARMSS model to provide a hierarchy of evidence

Cited by 29 publications

References 81 publications

Quantification of training load distribution in mixed martial arts athletes: A lack of periodisation and load management

Quantification of training load distribution in mixed martial arts athletes: A lack of periodisation and load management

Disciplinary Construction and Cultivation System of Wushu and National Traditional Sports

Performance increments without audience: paired data from mixed martial arts fighters during COVID-19

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