The Physiological Effects of Extracts of the Suprarenal Capsules

Oliver, George; Schäfer, E. A.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1895.sp000564

Cited by 337 publications

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“…1 (12). In the early stages of the perfusion we found, as they had done, that a small dose of histamine, injected into the arterial cannula, produced a definite vasodilatation.…”

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confidence: 66%

“…Nevertheless a few orientating experiments soon established the fact that the immediate, depressor action exhibited by such extracts, when injected intravenously into the ana3sthetised cat or dog, was chiefly of the histamine type. In a cat anaesthetised with ether, by measuring the evanescent effects of small doses of the order of 0-01 c.c., it was easy to balance the effects against those of small doses of the order of 0 001 mg. of pure histamine 1 The equivalents having thus been determined interms of depressor action, the solutions were then compared for their stimulant activity on the plain muscle of the isolated uterus of the guinea-pig. Their activities in this direction showed a practically identical relation.…”

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The nature of the vaso‐dilator constituents of certain tissue extracts

Best¹,

Dale²,

Dudley³

et al. 1927

The Journal of Physiology

229

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IT has long been known that simple watery or alcoholic extracts of various organs of the body produce a pronounced depressor action when injected intravenously, especially in the carnivora. Oliver and Schafer() observed such an action with an extract of thyroid gland, Mott and Halliburton(2) with extracts of brain and nervous tissues, Vincent and Sheen (3) with extracts from liver, muscle and various glandular organs, and other observers with a wide range of organs from different species. The suggestion that these effects were explained by the presence of choline in such extracts was shown to be inadequate by Vincent, with Osborne(4) and Sheen(3), who found that the action was but little affected by administration of atropine. Popielski(5) suggested that a common depressor agent, for which he suggested the name "vasodilatin," was present in such tissue extracts, and a hint appeared to be given as to its chemical nature when Dale and Laidlaw(6) found that the base now generally known as " histamine " produced the vascular and other characteristic effects of the hypothetical vaso-dilatin, when injected in relatively minute doses. Barger and Dale(7) soon afterwards succeeded in isolating from an extract of intestinal mucous membrane sufficient of this base for chemical as well as physiological identification. The quantity obtained, however, was small in relation to the total activity of this kind exhibited by the extract, and the nature of the raw material left it doubtful whether the histamine came from the living cells of the mucous membrane, or from the intestinal contents with which they had been in contact. For some years after this, though the correspondence in action, between the chief depressor constituent of various organ extracts and histamine, was widely recognised, the probability of their chemical identity seemed rather to be weakened. We may mention, for example, the observations of Stern and Rothlin(s), who extracted from the spleen a principle acting like histamine, but, finding that it was largely destroyed by heating with dilute alkali, concluded that it could 26-2 BEST, DALE, DUDLEY AND THORPE. not be histamine, which is stable to such treatment. We shall show later the need for caution in drawing such conclusions; but the balance of evidence and of opinion seemed to be unfavourable to the identification until Abel and Kubota published an important paper in 1919(9), in which they claimed to have made probable the presence of histamine itself, or of some substance closely related to it, as the essential depressor constituent of extracts from a number of organs and tissues, and of the products of partial hydrolysis of pure proteins. In some respects their evidence failed to be completely convincing. From two tissues onlythe pituitary gland and the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane-did they obtain pure salts, the picrate and chloroaurate, of histamine. The quantities so isolated were small in relation to the original depressor activity, the pituitary raw material was a commercial dried preparat...

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“…1 (12). In the early stages of the perfusion we found, as they had done, that a small dose of histamine, injected into the arterial cannula, produced a definite vasodilatation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature of the vaso‐dilator constituents of certain tissue extracts

Best¹,

Dale²,

Dudley³

et al. 1927

The Journal of Physiology

229

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show abstract

“…Chemical neurotransmission has a colorful and unusual history. In 1895 the British physician George Oliver injected an extract of the adrenal medulla into a dog and noted a market elevation in blood pressure (26). When the British physiologist J. N. Langley, in 1901, injected an extract of the adrenal medulla in vivo, organs responded as if they were stimulated by the sympathetic nerves.…”

Section: Chemical Neurotransmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Journey of a Late Blooming Biochemical Neuroscientist

Axelrod

2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The original observations by Oliver and Shafer of marked pressor effects occurring in animals after the intravenous injection of extracts of the adrenal medulla emphasized the biological importance of these substances (1). Later, Elliott concluded that epinephrine is involved in sympathetic nervous transmission of adrenergic effects and speculated upon its release at sympathetic nerve endings (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%