The physiological significance of postinspiration in respiratory control

Dutschmann, Mathias; Jones, Sarah; Subramanian, Hari H.; Stanić, Davor; Bautista, Tara G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63488-7.00007-0

Cited by 85 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…The first phase, inspiration (I), is dependent on the active contraction of the inspiratory muscles to draw air into the lungs. During the second phase, post-inspiration (post-I), prolonged inspiratory muscle activity (primarily the diaphragm) and laryngeal muscle contraction counteract the elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall to control the rate that air is exhaled from the lungs (Gautier et al, 1973; Davis and Bureau, 1987; Feldman et al, 2013; Dutschmann et al, 2014). During the third phase (E2), there is no muscle contraction and no airflow (Richter, 1996; Feldman and McCrimmon, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kölliker–Fuse nucleus acts as a timekeeper for late-expiratory abdominal activity

2017

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While the transition from the inspiratory to the post-inspiratory (post-I) phase is dependent on the pons, little attention has been paid to understanding the role of the pontine respiratory nuclei, specifically the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus (KF), in transitioning from post-I to the late expiratory (late-E) activity seen with elevated respiratory drive. To elucidate this, we used the in situ working heart-brainstem preparation of juvenile male Holtzman rats and recorded from the vagus (cVN), phrenic (PN) and abdominal nerves (AbN) during baseline conditions and during chemoreflex activation [with potassium cyanide (KCN; n = 13) or hypercapnia (8% CO2; n = 10)] to recruit active expiration. Chemoreflex activation with KCN increased PN frequency and cVN post-I and AbN activities. The inhibition of KF with isoguvacine microinjections (10 mM) attenuated the typical increase in PN frequency and cVN post-I activity, and amplified the AbN response. During hypercapnia, AbN late-E activity emerged in association with a significant reduction in expiratory time. KF inhibition during hypercapnia significantly decreased PN frequency and reduced the duration and amplitude of post-I cVN activity, while the onset of the AbN late-E bursts occurred significantly earlier. Our data reveal a negative relationship between KF-induced post-I and AbN late-E activities, suggesting that the KF coordinates the transition between post-I to late-E activity during conditions of elevated respiratory drive.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kölliker–Fuse nucleus acts as a timekeeper for late-expiratory abdominal activity

2017

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“…Conceivably, some brainstem areas should be considered in more detail: for instance, the RTN/pFRG, that may be important in the generation of the expiratory thrusts, and the PiCo that may be involved in the control of postinspiratory behaviours, including coughing and swallowing (Anderson et al, 2016). Other central regions considered to be largely associated with the origin of the postinspiratory motor drive, such as the NTS, the BötC and the pontine respiratory nuclei, especially the Kölliker Fuse nucleus, may deserve further investigations (Dutschmann and Herbert 2006;Dutschmann et al, 2014). Further, the periaqueductal gray, that is the source of one of the major afferent input to the NRA, could be relevant for cough research (e.g.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, an impairment of airway protective reflexes, including cough and swallowing, in some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease and fronto-temporal dementia, or following ictus could lead to high risk of aspiration and consequent life-threatening conditions (e.g. Dicpinigaitis et al, 2014;Dutschmann et al, 2014;Bolser et al, 2015;Pitts et al, 2016;Cinelli et al, 2016). Admittedly, studies on animal models of chronic cough or neurodegenerative diseases could be more appropriate to disclose novel therapeutic approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Postinspiratory activity provides a mechanism to mechanically brake the expiratory airflow. It is of great importance for the mediation of various protective reflexes, such as glottal closure, sneeze, cough and swallowing, that ensure protection from penetration of potentially harmful foreign substances into the airways (Dutschmann and Herbert 2006;Dutschmann et al, 2014 also for further Refs.). Cough consists of a modified respiratory act that includes three phases: inspiratory or preparatory, post-inspiratory or compressive (glottal closure) and expiratory or expulsive (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brainstem mechanisms underlying the cough reflex and its regulation

Mutolo

2017

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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A B S T R A C TCough is a very important airway protective reflex. Cough-related inputs are conveyed to the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii (cNTS) that projects to the brainstem respiratory network. The latter is reconfigured to generate the cough motor pattern. A high degree of modulation is exerted on second-order neurons and the brainstem respiratory network by sensory inputs and higher brain areas. Two medullary structures proved to have key functions in cough production and to be strategic sites of action for centrally active drugs: the cNTS and the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG). Drugs microinjected into these medullary structures caused downregulation or upregulation of the cough reflex. The results suggest that inhibition and disinhibition are prominent regulatory mechanisms of this reflex and that both the cNTS and the cVRG are essential in the generation of the entire cough motor pattern. Studies on the basic neural mechanisms subserving the cough reflex may provide hints for novel therapeutic approaches. Different proposals for further investigations are advanced.

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“…In mammals, each phase of breathing is associated with distinct behaviors and conditions. Inspiration is expressed during eupnea, gasping and sighing, and is associated with olfaction, whisking [94], arousal [95], and specific emotional conditions [96], while postinspiration is associated with swallowing, vocalization, breath-holding and coughing [97 • ]. Thus, it is likely that each respiratory microcircuit is specifically connected to the brain regions that control these behaviors.…”

Section: Coupled Oscillators In Respiratory Rhythmogenesis and Their mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcircuits in respiratory rhythm generation: commonalities with other rhythm generating networks and evolutionary perspectives

Ramirez

Dashevskiy²,

Marlin³

et al. 2016

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

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Rhythmicity is critical for the generation of rhythmic behaviors and higher brain functions. This review discusses common mechanisms of rhythm generation, including the role of synaptic inhibition and excitation, with a focus on the mammalian respiratory network. This network generates three phases of breathing and is highly integrated with brain regions associated with numerous non-ventilatory behaviors. We hypothesize that during evolution multiple rhythmogenic microcircuits were recruited to accommodate the generation of each breathing phase. While these microcircuits relied primarily on excitatory mechanisms, synaptic inhibition became increasingly important to coordinate the different microcircuits and to integrate breathing into a rich behavioral repertoire that links breathing to sensory processing, arousal, and emotions as well as learning and memory.

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The physiological significance of postinspiration in respiratory control

Cited by 85 publications

References 113 publications

The Kölliker–Fuse nucleus acts as a timekeeper for late-expiratory abdominal activity

The Kölliker–Fuse nucleus acts as a timekeeper for late-expiratory abdominal activity

Brainstem mechanisms underlying the cough reflex and its regulation

Microcircuits in respiratory rhythm generation: commonalities with other rhythm generating networks and evolutionary perspectives

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