The physiology and biochemistry of polyamines in plants

Slocum, Robert D.; Kaur‐Sawhney, Ravindar; Galston, Arthur W.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(84)90201-7

Cited by 489 publications

(279 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…This suggests that the conversion of SAM to ACC is inhibited or modified somehow by nutrient deprivation. SAM is recognized to be a precursor for both the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, and for formation of spermidine and other polyamines (26,30). Inhibition of the conversion of SAM to ACC in orange peel discs shunted SAM into spermidine (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Drew¹,

He²,

Morgan³

1989

Plant Physiol.

162

129

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Plants of Zea mays L. cv TX5855 were grown in a complete, well oxygenated nutrient solution then subjected to nutrient starvation by omitting either nitrate and ammonium or phosphate from the solution. These treatments induced the formation of aerenchyma close to the apex of the adventitious roots that subsequently emerged from the base of the shoot, a response similar to that shown earlier to be induced by hypoxia. Compared with control plants supplied with all nutrients throughout, N-or Pstarvation consistently depressed the rates of ethylene release by excised, 25 mm apical segments of adventitious roots. Some enzymes and substrates of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway were examined. The content of 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) paralleled the differences in ethylene production rates, being depressed by N or P deficiency, while malonyl-ACC showed a similar trend. Activity of ACC synthase and of ethylene forming enzyme (g-1 fresh weight) was also greater in control roots than in nutrient starved ones. These results indicate that much of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway is slowed under conditions of N-or P-starvation. Thus, by contrast to the effects of hypoxia, the induction of aerenchyma in roots of Zea mays by nutrient starvation is not related to an enhanced biosynthesis and/or accumulation of ethylene in the root tips.Many dryland species are exposed to temporary periods of oxygen deficiency during their growth following heavy rain, irrigation, or flooding, when the soil becomes water saturated (10,17). Some species respond to this situation by forming roots with continuous, gas-filled channels in the roots (19). These channels improve the internal supply of oxygen, the oxygen originating from the atmosphere or photosynthesis and passing from leaves to roots down a concentration gradient (1). The flooding resistance of a wide range of monocot and dicotyledonous species, both herbaceous and woody, is often associated, in part, with the capacity to develop such aerenchymatous roots (8,9,16,17,19,23 The gaseous plant hormone, ethylene, is associated with a wide variety of responses in higher plant cells (3). In earlier reports we showed that aerenchyma formation in adventitious (nodal) roots of maize by cell lysis is induced by a partial oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) and is closely related to enhanced endogenous concentrations of ethylene (1 1). Hypoxia clearly stimulates the biosynthesis of ethylene in growing maize roots (2,11,12,20) as in other responsive plant tissues (4, 5, 7). Low exogenous concentrations of ethylene under aerobic conditions (1-5 uL L-' in air) induce aerenchyma (18) that is structurally indistinguishable from that induced by hypoxia (1 1, 12); furthermore, hypoxically induced aerenchyma formation in the apices of growing roots is blocked by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or ethylene action (12,18,20).However, Konings and Verschuren (21) showed that formation of aerenchyma in the seminal roots of maize was stimulated under fully aerobic conditions by omission o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Drew¹,

He²,

Morgan³

1989

Plant Physiol.

162

129

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“…Related to the senescence-delaying effect of polyamines on plant cells is their interesting antagonism with ethylene, the senescence-promoting hormone (Slocum et al, 1984;Smith, 1985). Polyamines and ethylene, both deriving from S-adenosylmethionine, have in plants interrelated biosynthetic pathways.…”

Section: Interaction Of Polyamines With Membrane Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of polyamines on membrane functions

Schuber

1989

Biochemical Journal

421

222

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“…There is much evidence to suggest that polyamines are necessary for normal growth and development of higher plants and fungi (Slocum et al, 1984;Tabor & Tabor, 1985). In mammalian and fungal cells there appears to be only one route for synthesis of the diamine putrescine, the precursor for further polyamine synthesis; this is by the rate-limiting enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC ; EC 4.1.1.17) (Pegg & McCann, 1982; Tabor & Tabor, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In mammalian and fungal cells there appears to be only one route for synthesis of the diamine putrescine, the precursor for further polyamine synthesis; this is by the rate-limiting enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC ; EC 4.1.1.17) (Pegg & McCann, 1982; Tabor & Tabor, 1985). In plants and bacteria (Slocum et al, 1984) two pathways may lead to putrescine synthesis, either via decarboxylation of ornithine (as above) or indirectly via agmatine, the first product of arginine decarboxylation a reaction catalysed by arginine decarboxylase (ADC ; EC 4.1.1 .19). In addition, there are reports of biosynthetic ADC activity in a number of phytopathogenic fungi (Khan & Minocha,J989a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors on mycelial growth, enzyme activity and polyamine levels in the oat-infecting fungus Pyrenophora avenae

Foster

Walters

1990

Journal of General Microbiology

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The fungus Pyrenophora avenae, an important pathogen of oat crops, was grown on solid and liquid media containing the polyamine b p t h e s i s inhibitors difluoromethylomithine (DFMO), methylglyoxal bdguanylhydrazone) (MGBG), ethylm@ylglyoxal bis(guanylhydraz0ne) (EMGBG) + / -polyamines. All of the compounds inhibited mycelial growth i f the fungus. MGBG and EMGBG were more effective than DFMO. The addition of putresine and spermidine almost completely prevented inhibition of mycelial growth by DFMO. However, no such effect was observed for inhibition by MGBG or EMGBG. Neither the inhibitors nor exogenous polyamines had any significant effect on the size of the fungal cells. DFMO and MGBG, alone and in combination, reduced the activity of omithine decarboxylase. Fungus grown in media containing EMGBG showed reduced activity of S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Putrescine snd spermidine concentrations decreased when the fungus was grown in media containing DFMO or DFMOlMGBG combined. MGBG.reduced spermidhe and spermine concentrations and EMGBG greatly reduced spermidine concentrations. AU of the compounds reduced the concentration of cadaverine, which is a significant component of P. auenae. The respiration rate of the fungus decreased when grown in media containing MGBG or DFMO/MGBG combined.

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The physiology and biochemistry of polyamines in plants

Cited by 489 publications

References 158 publications

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Influence of polyamines on membrane functions

The effects of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors on mycelial growth, enzyme activity and polyamine levels in the oat-infecting fungus Pyrenophora avenae

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