The Physiology of Flowering

Liverman, James L.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.06.060155.001141

Cited by 56 publications

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“…sion may reflect an inverse gradient in endogenous IAA. This would be in agreement with Chouard and Aghion's (8) original proposal that the floral gradient may be due to gradients of (unspecified) endogenous growth substances in the stem and also in agreement with reports from Raghavan and Jacobs (23), Nitsch (22), and others (10,13,17,18,24) that IAA inhibits flowering in intact plants.…”

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confidence: 92%

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Wardell¹,

Skoog²

1973

Plant Physiol.

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A method has been developed that extracts DNA from stem tissue of flowering tobacco plants, Nicotiana By in vitro cultivation of excised stem segments, flowering tobacco plants have been shown to have a pronounced apex to base gradient in the capacity to form floral buds (1, 2), which truly reflects a difference in the capacity to flower and not merely a decrease in the over-all capacity to form buds (32). Appropriate exogenous supplies of IAA effected a transition from floral to vegetative bud formation in such segments (31).

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confidence: 92%

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Wardell¹,

Skoog²

1973

Plant Physiol.

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“…Jour 29,32,35,36). Growth regulators other than auxin (e.g., maleic hydrazide (18,30), triiodobenzoic acid (12), gibberellin (21,37), cobaltous ion (24), etc.) have also been shown to influence the flowerino process in a number of plants.…”

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confidence: 99%

Growth Regulators and Flowering. I. Survey Methods.

Salisbury

1957

Plant Physiol.

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“…The data of figure 5 plants per treatment,' dissected after 13 days, leaves dipped in water, then after 5 min in 20.0 x 10' M NAA, and then after 10 fig 5), night length seems to be relatively unimportant in determining time of translocation of the flowering stimulus from the leaf and hence in determining the time at which applied auxin becomes ineffective in floral inhibition. Time of translocation is, however, affected strongly by time of year due perhaps to differences in light intensity.…”

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“…Since the demonstration bv Hamner and Bonner (7) of the importance of the dark period for photoperiodic induction in the short-day plant Xanthium, there have been many attempts to elucidate the reactions which take place within the plant during this period (2,11,13,18). The dark period reactions appear to be concerned directly with the act of induetion-the persistent change of the plant from the vegetative to the flowering condition.…”

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The Reactions of the Photoinductive Dark Period

Bonner

1956

Plant Physiol.

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Since the demonstration bv Hamner and Bonner (7) of the importance of the dark period for photoperiodic induction in the short-day plant Xanthium, there have been many attempts to elucidate the reactions which take place within the plant during this period (2,11,13,18). The dark period reactions appear to be concerned directly with the act of induetion-the persistent change of the plant from the vegetative to the flowering condition. In Xanthium the flowering condition persists after a single completed act of induction even though the photoperiod during floral development is too long for induction to occur in vegetative plants. The condition of the plant after induction has taken place will be termed the induced state to distinguish it from the act of induction.The induced state in Xanthium is a quantitative one. Rate of development of the floral bud is dependent upon the intensity of the original act of induction. A measure of the rate of development based upon a series of floral stages has been previously described (21). By the application of this system the quantitative nature of induction can be demonstrated by? the relationship between length of the inductive dark period and subsequent rate of floral development, as measured by floral stage a number of days after induction (this is illustrated by the control points of the experiment shown in fig 4). The longer the dark period, the more rapidly the buds develop. This may be interpreted on the supposition that the rate of bud development is dependent upon the amount of flowering hormone produced, and that longer dark periods result in the production of more flowering hormone. This view is supported by the fact that buds develop at different rates when the leaves are removed from Xanthium plants at different times after the beginning of induction (9,21,22,23 fig 5). These results are in accord with the hypothesis that rate of floral development is determined by the amount of flowering hormone which reaches the growing point. The longer the leaves remain on the plant, the more hormone is translocated from them to the growing point.The experiments below concern kinetic studies on the reactions of the dark period. Xanthium pensylvanicum Wall.4 plants were treated at various times by red light interruption of the dark period and/or the application of auxin (whieh inhibits the act of induction, 21). The effects of these treatments on floral induction were measured in terms of rate of subsequent floral development, which is assumed to measure the amount of flowering hormone exported from the leaf. METHODSPlants were grown as previously described (3, 20, 21) from seed and maintained in a vegetative condition by daylight supplemented with incandescent irradiation of approximately 100 fe to make up a total day length of approximately 20 hours. To facilitate auxin treatment and to insure controlled light intensity during interruption of the dark period, plants were defoliated to a single leaf after first being classified according to the size of the most rapidly expandi...

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The Physiology of Flowering

Cited by 56 publications

References 0 publications

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Growth Regulators and Flowering. I. Survey Methods.

The Reactions of the Photoinductive Dark Period

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