The Physiology of Testicular Thermoregulation in the Light of New Anatomical and Pathological Aspects

Shafik, Ahmed

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5913-5_14

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Among possible mechanisms are 1) an increased surface of exchange between the scrotum and the external environment (Waites and Moule, 1961;Shafik, 1991), but this would be very limited in the Seated with legs crossed position and clothed state; 2) increased scrotal blood flow (Fowler and Setchell, 1971;Waites et al, 1973); 3) initiation of scrotal sweating and sweat evaporation (Waites and Voglmayr, 1962), although evaporative cooling would be reduced by the clothing barrier (Candas et al, 1993); and 4) increased fluid diffusion through scrotal skin (Buettner, 1969).…”

Section: Thermogenic Specificity Of the Seated With Legs Crossed Posimentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Posture and Clothing on Scrotal Temperature in Fertile Men

Mieusset

Bengoudifa

Bujan

2007

Journal of Andrology

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Investigation of the effects of body position and clothing on the temperature of the scrotum has given discordant results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate these effects in 13 fertile male volunteers in successive positions each held for 15 minutes, either Supine, Standing, Seated with legs apart, and Seated with legs crossed (n 5 8) or Standing, Seated with legs crossed, and Standing (n 5 5), at first naked and then clothed. The Standing naked position was that in which scrotal temperature reached the lowest point. Clothing increased the scrotal temperature compared with the naked state, whatever the position. The Seated with legs crossed position had specific characteristics: in the naked state, it was thermogenic and increased scrotal temperature as much as clothing in the Supine or Standing positions; in the clothed state, the increase in temperature was less than expected, which could indicate that local mechanisms are involved. Moreover, the Seated with legs crossed position had a persisting effect on scrotal temperature in the next position. These results have both pathophysiological and epidemiological implications.

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Section: Thermogenic Specificity Of the Seated With Legs Crossed Posimentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Posture and Clothing on Scrotal Temperature in Fertile Men

Mieusset

Bengoudifa

Bujan

2007

Journal of Andrology

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“…These include the cremaster muscle, the pampiniform plexus, the tunica dartos muscle, and sweat glands in the scrotal skin (reviewed in Shafik, 1991). Testis xenografts, similar to abdominally cryptorchid testes, have none of these mechanisms and this is likely to adversely impact spermatogenesis (Turner et al , 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xenografting of isolated equine (Equus caballus) testis cells results in de novo morphogenesis of seminiferous tubules but not spermatogenesis

et al. 2017

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SUMMARY The study of spermatogenesis in the horse is challenging because of the absence of an in vitro system that is capable of reproducing efficient spermatogenesis and because of the difficulties and costs associated with performing well-controlled studies in vivo. In an attempt to develop novel methods for the study of equine spermatogenesis, we tested whether cells from enzymatically digested pre-pubertal equine testicular tissue were capable of de novo tissue formation and spermatogenesis following xenografting under the back skin of immunocompromised mice. Testes were obtained from normal pre-pubertal colts and dissociated into cell suspensions using trypsin/collagenase digestion. Resulting cell pellets, consisting of both somatic and germ cells, were injected into fascial pockets under the back skin of immunocompromised, castrated mice and maintained for between 1 and 14 months. Mice were killed and grafts were recovered and analyzed. As has been reported for testis cell suspensions from pigs, mice, cattle, and sheep, de novo formation of equine testicular tissue was observed, as evidenced by the presence of seminiferous tubules and an interstitial compartment. There was an increased likelihood of de novo testicular formation as grafting period increased. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we confirmed the presence of spermatogonia in de novo formed seminiferous tubules. However, we found no evidence of meiotic or haploid cells. These results indicate that dissociated pre-pubertal equine testis cells are capable of reorganizing into the highly specialized endocrine and spermatogenic compartments of the testis following ectopic xenografting. However, in spite of the presence of spermatogonia within the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis does not occur. Although this technique does allow access to the cells within the seminiferous tubule and interstitial compartments of the equine testis prior to reaggregation, the absence of spermatogenesis will limit its use as a method for the study of testicular function in the horse.

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“…The cause of the onset of varicocele is not clear [9]. However, scrotal varices are formed as a result of increased venous pressure occurring in the veins which drain the blood from the testicles.…”

Section: Etiology and Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Children and adults varicocele: diagnostic issues and therapeutical strategies

et al. 2014

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Varicocele is defined as abnormally dilated scrotal veins. It is present in 15 % of normal males and in 40 % of males with infertility. This disorder is a challenge for the physicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment, as the pathophysiology of varicocele is not yet completely understood. For this reason, accurate diagnostic criteria and clear indications for treatment in asymptomatic adolescents or adults with clinical or subclinical varicocele are still not defined. Ultrasonography (US) is considered the best method for calculating the volume of the testicles, measuring vein diameter and monitoring the growth of the testis in adolescent patients. Color-Doppler US is the method of choice for detecting spermatic vein reflux and for classifying the grade of varicocele. Various classification systems have been published with recommendations on how to perform US imaging of the scrotum. Currently, color-Doppler US and spectral analysis are the most effective, non-invasive diagnostic procedures as they allow detection of subclinical varicocele associated with infertility. Various techniques are used in the treatment of varicocele including open surgery, laparoscopic procedures and interventional radiology. However, there is no consensus among physicians on which technique is the most effective in terms of outcome and complication rates. This review shows that color-Doppler US is currently the most widely employed diagnostic method for detection and classification of varicocele caused by venous reflux, as it is reliable and easily performed. The review also highlights the role of varicocelectomy in the management of adult male infertility.Riassunto Il varicocele è una dilatazione abnorme delle vene scrotali. Esso si riscontra nel 15 % degli uomini normali e nel 40 % dei soggetti che presentano infertilità. Rappresenta ancora oggi un problema clinico per gli specialisti che sono coinvolti nella diagnosi e nel trattamento di questa affezione, in quanto i meccanismi fisiopatologici che stanno alla base di questa patologia non sono stati ancora chiariti in maniera completa. Per questi motivi non esistono ancora indicazioni condivise tra i medici sulle possibilità diagnostiche e sulle scelte terapeutiche da applicare negli adolescenti asintomatici o negli adulti con varicocele clinico o subclinico. L'esame ultrasonografico dello scroto viene considerato attualmente come la metodica migliore per calcolare il volume dei testicoli, per misurare il diametro dei vasi venosi e per seguire l'accrescimento testicolare negli adolescenti. Il Color-Doppler è il metodo più semplice e preciso per studiare e documentare l'inversione del flusso nelle vene spermatiche e serve per una precisa classificazione del varicocele. Sono state proposte numerose classificazioni cliniche ed ecografiche del varicocele e sono state pubblicare raccomandazioni su come condurre l'esame ecografico dello scroto per l'identificazione del varicocele. Attualmente il color-Doppler associato all'analisi spettrale è la procedura diagnostica più 18...

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The Physiology of Testicular Thermoregulation in the Light of New Anatomical and Pathological Aspects

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of Posture and Clothing on Scrotal Temperature in Fertile Men

Effect of Posture and Clothing on Scrotal Temperature in Fertile Men

Xenografting of isolated equine (Equus caballus) testis cells results in de novo morphogenesis of seminiferous tubules but not spermatogenesis

Children and adults varicocele: diagnostic issues and therapeutical strategies

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