The physiology of the amino acids, by Frank P. Underhill ...

Abstract

The nucleoproteins, as their name implies, are the proteins of cell nuclei and give to the latter their character. The nucleoproteins are therefore found in largest quantity wherever cellular material is abundant, as in glandular tissues and organs. By artificial hydrolysis or during treatment in the alimentary tract a nucleoprotein is decomposed into protein and nucleic acid. Nucleic acid, of which there are several types, may be made to yield a series of well-defined compounds, the purine bases (xanthine, hypoxanthine, adenine and guanine), the pyrimidine bases (uracile, cytosine and thymine), a carbohydrate group (pentose or hexose) and phosphoric acid. Glucoproteins are compounds of the protein molecule with a substance or substances containing a carbohydrate group other than a nucleic acid. Particularly rich in glucoproteins are the mucus-yielding portions of tissues. They serve also as a cement substance in holding together the fibers in tendons and ligaments. An amino-sugar, glucosamine, has been isolated from some of the glucoproteins and it is generally regarded as constituting the carbohydrate radicle of these conjugated proteins. Phosphoproteins are compounds of the protein molecule with some, as yet undefined, phosphoruscontaining, group other than a nucleic acid or lecithin. 8 THE AMINO ACIDS Conspicuous foods containing phosphoproteins are milk with its caseinogen and tgg yolk with its vitellin. A trace of iron is also evident in these proteins and although it is possibly present as an impurity there is no evidence that it does not exist in combination with the protein. Hemoglobins are compounds of the protein molecule with hematin or some similar substance. The coloring matter of the blood is hemoglobin which acts as oxygen carrier for the tissues and is characterized by holding iron as a constituent part in organic combination. Globin is the protein portion of hemoglobin. In certain of the lower animal forms copper enters into combination with protein forming hsemocyanin imparting a blue color to the blood. Lecithoproteins are compounds of the protein molecule with lecithins. Lecithins are complexes characterized by yielding glycerol, phosphoric acid, fatty acid radicles, and a nitrogenous base, choline. The lecithins are present in all plant and animal cells but are especially abundant in the nervous tissues. They belong to the group of essential cell constituents. C. Derived Proteins Certain of the native soluble proteins upon continued contact with water, or the influence of enzymes or acid change their character and become insoluble. Such insoluble substances are called proteans. After repeated reprecipitation globulins may become insolu-THE PROTEINS 9 ble, that is, they are changed to proteans, and it is believed by some protein investigators that nearly every protein may assume a protean state. The metaproteins may be formed from simple protein by the action of acids and alkalies. In this instance, however, the change is undoubtedly more profound than in the case of the proteans. Formerly, m...

An experimental study of some effects of acute anhydræmia

“…It is difficult to escape from the conclusion that such features of burns are the result of anhydraemia alone and that there is no need to postulate any other factor than loss of fluid from the blood. This view, supported by Underhill and his collaborators and others (Underhill, Carrington, Kapsinow and Pack, 1923 ;Underhill, 1927Underhill, , 1930Underhill, Kapsinow and Fisk, 1930 ;Blalock, 1931 ;Harkins, 1935Harkins, , 1938Colebrook et al, 1944), does not deny the importance of complications such as infection, blood destruction by thermal or other action and tissue necrosis in contributing to the grave systemic disturbances which follow burning.…”

Blood Chlorides in Conditions Associated With Pneumonia

“…The results are shown in Table IV. Dogs 22,23,24, and 27, Table IV, were anesthetized with barbital-sodium, the femoral artery was cannulated, and diathermy applied to the thorax. Although there was a rise in temperature in each case, varying from 1.3-4.5°C., the serum chlorides were unchanged except in No.…”

“…The effect of water ingestion on serum chlorides has been investigated by Underhill and Sallick (23). They found a drop in chlorides after ingestion of large volumes of water, equivalent to 8 times the blood volume of the dogs.…”

The Early Quakers, the Peace Testimony and Masculinity in England, 1660-1720

“…75 Indeed, Hugh Underhill considers Friends to have been of great significance in pacifism's development, describing the peace testimony as growing from 'a withdrawal from and spiritualisation of revolutionary aggression'. 76 Certainly, William Penn wrote in 1693 of the 'bloody tragedies' of war, 77 and despite Meredith Weddle's assertions to the contrary, Friends' accounts suggest that Quaker compassion for the victims of violence developed before, rather than only after, the Restoration. 78 The testimony, then, is recognised by historians of pacifism as part of Friends' active engagement with the world, whilst internally, Quakers continued to discipline members along gendered lines, and their testimony was fundamentally gendered, connecting pacifism to masculinity.…”