The Physiology of the Loop of Henle

Capasso, Giovambattista; Trepiccione, Francesco; Zacchia, Miriam

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44942-7.00008-x

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Namely, the nuclei were irregularly shaped with dense clusters of chromatin, both dispersed throughout the nucleus and attached to the nuclear envelope, potentially indicating a less mature state than the medullary LoH (Figure 6f,g). Immediately after the TAL, the distal tubule is connected 21 and characterized by the macula densa with tightly aligned cells with large, elongated nuclei 22 (Figure 6f,h). The distal tubule had similar characteristics (densely aligned, partially elongated cells with elongated nuclei), but also showed large apical tight junctions and apical budding.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immediately after the TAL, the distal tubule is connected 21 and characterized by the macula densa with tightly aligned cells with large, elongated nuclei 22 (Figure 6f,h). The distal tubule had similar characteristics (densely aligned, partially elongated cells with elongated nuclei), but also showed large apical tight junctions and apical budding.…”

Section: Ultrastructural Features Indicate An Order Of Maturation Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural development of the human fetal kidney: new stages and cellular dynamics in nephrogenesis

Schumacher

Nguyen

Broekhuizen

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Research on the ultrastructural development of the kidney is limited, and research on rodent kidneys prevails. Yet, large differences between rodent and human nephrogenesis exist and therefore translation between species is not desirable. At the same time, there is an increasing demand for human research, in addition to assessing the potential of novel therapies such as renal organoids. We therefore generated an interactive atlas of large transmission electron microscopy tile scans of first trimester human kidneys, specifically Carnegie stage 20 until post-conceptional week 12. Analysis identified key ultrastructural features of proximal and distal progenitor cells such as cell shape, microvilli and luminal budding in the renal vesicle. Regarding glomerular development, we identified a new W-shaped body stage and three distinct sub-stages of the well-known capillary loop stage. Chromatin organization, nuclear shape and location were used to describe tubule cell identity and maturity, indicating a specific order of tubular maturation. The greatest congruence with adult tissue was seen in proximal tubules and the least in distal tubules. Finally, cytoplasmic glycogen depositions in collecting duct cells, which are absent in adult tissue, were found to be an early feature distinguishing distal tubules from collecting ducts as well as differentiating cortical from medullary collecting ducts. The findings of this research provide new fundamental insights for researchers who aim to understand and recreate kidney development.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ultrastructural Features Indicate An Order Of Maturation Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural development of the human fetal kidney: new stages and cellular dynamics in nephrogenesis

Schumacher

Nguyen

Broekhuizen

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located between the afferent arteriole and the distal tubule and is important for tubuloglomerular feedback 14 . It is composed of macula densa cells, granular cells and the mesangium, which consists of mesangial cells and the matrix that they produce.…”

Section: The Renal Corpusclementioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic models of the glomerulus

et al. 2022

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The use of biomimetic models of the glomerulus has the potential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and to enable progress in therapeutics. Current in vitro models comprise organ-on-a-chip, scaffold-based and organoid approaches. Glomerulus-on-a-chip designs mimic components of glomerular microfluidic flow but lack the inherent complexity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Scaffold-based 3D culture systems and organoids provide greater microenvironmental complexity but do not replicate fluid flows and dynamic responses to fluidic stimuli. As the available models do not accurately model the structure or filtration function of the glomerulus, their applications are limited. An optimal approach to glomerular modelling is yet to be developed, but the field will probably benefit from advances in biofabrication techniques. In particular, 3D bioprinting technologies could enable the fabrication of constructs that recapitulate the complex structure of the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration barrier. The next generation of in vitro glomerular models must be suitable for high(er)-content or/and high(er)-throughput screening to enable continuous and systematic monitoring. Moreover, coupling of glomerular or kidney models with those of other organs is a promising approach to enable modelling of partial or full-body responses to drugs and prediction of therapeutic outcomes.

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“…The activation of the RAS, which may raise blood pressure by almost 30 mmHg, is triggered by loss of blood volume, a sudden drop in blood pressure in cases of haemorrhage or dehydration, or decreased filtration flow rate (15). All those cases stimulate the macula densa, a region of specialized epithelial cells that are tightly packed in the kidney and are included in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (16). That stimulation results in the signal transduction towards the juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells, which are located in the medial layer of renal afferent arterioles and synthesize, store and release renin ( Figure 1).…”

Section: The Renin -Angiotensin System (Ras)mentioning

confidence: 99%