The Physiology of the Swimbladder in the Eel Anguilla Vulgaris

Steen, Johan B.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02738.x

Cited by 112 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Arrowhead indicates the opening of the vesicular profiles at the luminal membrane, as seen in front view. Bar ϭ 0.1 m. sure of oxygen, which causes the gas to enter the bladder (Steen 1963). The arterial capillaries of the rete are continuous with a thick endothelium, and the venous ones are fenestrated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of tubules in the rete capillaries in such a significant number might be attributed to the large size of these endothelial cells and to the very active countercurrent transport taking place in these capillaries for adaptation of fish buoyancy to water depth (Steen 1963). The existence of similar deep membrane invaginations, long vesicular structures as well as transendothelial channels in endothelial cells of various vascular beds, has been reported extensively (Wolff 1966;Hashimoto 1972;Zweifach 1972;Simionescu et al 1975;Bendayan and Sandborn 1976;Clough and Michel 1981;Siminonescu 1983;Shivers et al 1984;Lossinsky et al 1989;Wagner and Chen 1991;Kohn et al 1992).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 94%

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Evidence of a Tubular System for Transendothelial Transport in Arterial Capillaries of the Rete Mirabile

Bendayan

Rasio

1997

J Histochem Cytochem.

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SUMMARYThe arterial endothelial cells of the rete capillaries of the eel were examined by transmission electron microscopy on thin sections, on freeze-fracture replicas, by scanning electron microscopy, after cytochemical osmium impregnation and perfusion with peroxidase. The study revealed the existence of membrane-bound tubules and vesicles that open at both the luminal and abluminal poles of the cell and at the level of the intercellular space. The tubules are straight or present successive dilations and constrictions. They branch in various directions and intrude deeply into the cell cytoplasm, forming a complex tubular network within the cell. Immunocytochemical techniques were applied on immersion-fixed tissues and on perfusion of the capillaries with albumin and insulin. These demonstrated that the tubular-vesicular system is involved in the transport of circulating proteins. Furthermore, protein A-gold immunocytochemistry has revealed the association of actin with the membranes of this system. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the transendothelial transport of serum proteins takes place by a transcytotic process through a membrane-bound tubular-vesicular system and is equivalent to the large pore system presumed from functional studies. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:1365-1378, 1997)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 94%

Evidence of a Tubular System for Transendothelial Transport in Arterial Capillaries of the Rete Mirabile

Bendayan

Rasio

1997

J Histochem Cytochem.

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“…Thus, capillary pH in the swimbladder rete mirabile of the European eel may drop to 6.5-7.0 (Steen, 1963;Kobayashi et al, 1990) (for a review, see Berenbrink, 2007), whereas capillary P O 2 may rise to 120·kPa or above in the swimbladder rete of the cod, as calculated on the basis of the values for gas composition in the swimbladder given by Bohr (Bohr, 1894). In the choroid rete mirabile of the Atlantic cod, P O 2 values of up to 157·kPa have been measured (Wittenberg and Wittenberg, 1962).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivored blood cell sickling and mechanism of recovery in whiting,Merlangius merlangus

Koldkjær

Berenbrink

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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hormones, which are released under capture stress, activate a powerful endogenous Na/H exchanger in these fish red blood cells, which is known to elevate intracellular pH. ␤-adrenergic treatment further leads to a marked reduction of acid-induced in vitro sickling, which is impaired when Na/H exchange is inhibited by amiloride. We propose that this mechanism protects red blood cells of some fishes against the problem of haemoglobin aggregation and red blood cell sickling, except under most severe acidosis. This system offers a unique example of how, over evolutionary time, nature may have overcome what is still a deadly disease in humans.Key words: Merlangius merlangus, sickle cell disease, Na/H exchanger, red blood cell, haemoglobin, Hb polymerisation, fish. ; N=18] were caught on hook and line from the Mersey estuary, Merseyside, UK, at incoming tide. 5-8 fish were kept in a 50-litre plastic container with ice-cooled, aerated artificial seawater (33·p.p.m.; Instant Ocean, Aquarium Systems, www.aquariumsystems.com) for up to 2·h while fishing and during transport, which took no more than 10-15·min. Fish were kept at the University of Liverpool in a 1200-litre tank with a biological filter and aerated, recirculated, artificial seawater at 13-16°C for more than one week before blood sampling (exceptions see below). Fish were exposed to a 10·h:14·h light:dark regime and fed five times weekly on frozen sand eel, squid and octopus. To ensure that the possible seasonality of RBC ion transport function would not affect the results, the experiments were carried out during the winter months Summary

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“…Steen showed that the glandular swimbladder epithelium of the European eel produces large amounts of lactic acid, which acidifies blood in the swimbladder capillaries and causes a strong decrease in Hb O 2 saturation (Steen, 1963b). His pioneering experiments have subsequently been substantiated and extended on the same species in a series of publications by Kobayashi, Pelster and Scheid (see review by Pelster and Scheid, 1992).…”

Section: Swimbladder Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…A major breakthrough was achieved after, employing the Krogh principle, a suitable model species had been identified that was particularly amenable for experimentation: the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (Steen, 1963b). The mechanism for specifically secreting O 2 relies on three basic components, which are discussed below.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Swimbladder O 2 Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical reconstructions of evolving physiological complexity:O2 secretion in the eye and swimbladder of fishes

Berenbrink

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The traditional realm of comparative physiologists is the phenotype. Researchers in this field are generally interested in how organisms work at the organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, organellar and protein levels of organisation. They are fascinated by the wide range of environmental conditions in which organisms exist and how this is matched by the type and capacity of the physiological mechanisms that they employ. In the post-genomic era, the molecular toolbox of several model species is available in the form of fully sequenced genomes and it can be argued that a true integrative view of how organisms function is incomplete without linking genotypes to the encoded phenotypes in the form of proteins, organelles, cells, etc. A major challenge for experimental biologists in the postgenomic era is therefore trying to close the so-called phenotype-genotype gap.Given the complexity of even a single cell and the emergence of new, unpredictable features at each of the higher levels of biological organisation, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to predict the working of complex physiological systems solely from the underlying genotype. Closure of the phenotype-genotype gap therefore appears a daunting task. Biology, however, unlike physics, can be seen as having already found its single unifying concept, or grand formula: namely evolutionary theory. Thus, looking for the ultimate/evolutionary cause of a physiological mechanism in addition to the proximate/mechanistic cause should help to understand the distribution of particular physiological phenotypes and their associated genotypes in organisms. Thus, the fundamental question for comparative physiologists can be broadened from 'How does it work? ' (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997a) to 'How did it come about to work like it does? ' (Sherwood et al., 2005a).This review uses the mechanism of oxygen secretion in fishes, which has been intensively studied in the fish swimbladder for over 100·years, to demonstrate the potential insights from such an evolutionary approach. The long generation times of the study species preclude the use of The ability of some fishes to inflate their compressible swimbladder with almost pure oxygen to maintain neutral buoyancy, even against the high hydrostatic pressure several thousand metres below the water surface, has fascinated physiologists for more than 200·years. This review shows how evolutionary reconstruction of the components of such a complex physiological system on a phylogenetic tree can generate new and important insights into the origin of complex phenotypes that are difficult to obtain with a purely mechanistic approach alone. Thus, it is shown that oxygen secretion first evolved in the eyes of fishes, presumably for improved oxygen supply to an avascular, metabolically active retina. Evolution of this system was facilitated by prior changes in the pH dependence of oxygen-binding characteristics of haemoglobin (the Root effect) and in the specific buffer value of haemoglobin. These changes predisposed teleost fishes for the...

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The Physiology of the Swimbladder in the Eel Anguilla Vulgaris

Cited by 112 publications

References 28 publications

Evidence of a Tubular System for Transendothelial Transport in Arterial Capillaries of the Rete Mirabile

Evidence of a Tubular System for Transendothelial Transport in Arterial Capillaries of the Rete Mirabile

In vivored blood cell sickling and mechanism of recovery in whiting,Merlangius merlangus

Historical reconstructions of evolving physiological complexity:O2 secretion in the eye and swimbladder of fishes

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