The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control

Gailliot, Matthew T.; Baumeister, Roy F.

doi:10.1177/1088868307303030

Cited by 602 publications

(438 citation statements)

References 172 publications

(208 reference statements)

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“…Encoding new events is likely to be particularly depleting of cognitive resources, as orienting responses are repeatedly engaged in response to novel events. 41 Because cognitive depletion taxes selfregulation, 42,43 we hypothesize that the fantastical aspect of the fast-paced show could also be partly responsible for the EF effects seen here. This hypothesis will be tested in further research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children's Executive Function

2011

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Previous study results have suggested a longitudinal association between entertainment television and later attention problems. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Using a controlled experimental design, this study found that preschool-aged children were significantly impaired in executive function immediately after watching just 9 minutes of a popular fast-paced television show relative to after watching educational television or drawing.abstract OBJECTIVE: The goal of this research was to study whether a fastpaced television show immediately influences preschool-aged children's executive function (eg, self-regulation, working memory). METHODS:Sixty 4-year-olds were randomly assigned to watch a fastpaced television cartoon or an educational cartoon or draw for 9 minutes. They were then given 4 tasks tapping executive function, including the classic delay-of-gratification and Tower of Hanoi tasks. Parents completed surveys regarding television viewing and child's attention. RESULTS:Children who watched the fast-paced television cartoon performed significantly worse on the executive function tasks than children in the other 2 groups when controlling for child attention, age, and television exposure.CONCLUSIONS: Just 9 minutes of viewing a fast-paced television cartoon had immediate negative effects on 4-year-olds' executive function. Parents should be aware that fast-paced television shows could at least temporarily impair young children's executive function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children's Executive Function

2011

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“…Decreased excitability of inhibitory neurons, due perhaps to decreased ATP levels (55,56), disruption of membrane ion channels and pumps (1, 57-59), or changes in neurotransmitter release and reuptake (60), could disinhibit neural circuits involved in the aggressive response. In humans, low blood sugar is correlated with increased aggression and impulsiveness, possibly due to a lack of adequate energy substrates to sustain neural and thus behavioral inhibition (61,62). These effects are likely mediated by insulin signaling (61), which is known to influence cognition in humans (63) and behavioral plasticity in bees (2), suggesting conserved mechanisms could connect glucose availability and metabolism, neural excitability, and behavior across diverse species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, low blood sugar is correlated with increased aggression and impulsiveness, possibly due to a lack of adequate energy substrates to sustain neural and thus behavioral inhibition (61,62). These effects are likely mediated by insulin signaling (61), which is known to influence cognition in humans (63) and behavioral plasticity in bees (2), suggesting conserved mechanisms could connect glucose availability and metabolism, neural excitability, and behavior across diverse species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socially responsive effects of brain oxidative metabolism on aggression

Li-Byarlay

Rittschof

Massey

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

112

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Despite ongoing high energetic demands, brains do not always use glucose and oxygen in a ratio that produces maximal ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In some cases glucose consumption exceeds oxygen use despite adequate oxygen availability, a phenomenon known as aerobic glycolysis. Although metabolic plasticity seems essential for normal cognition, studying its functional significance has been challenging because few experimental systems link brain metabolic patterns to distinct behavioral states. Our recent transcriptomic analysis established a correlation between aggression and decreased whole-brain oxidative phosphorylation activity in the honey bee (Apis mellifera), suggesting that brain metabolic plasticity may modulate this naturally occurring behavior. Here we demonstrate that the relationship between brain metabolism and aggression is causal, conserved over evolutionary time, cell type-specific, and modulated by the social environment. Pharmacologically treating honey bees to inhibit complexes I or V in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway resulted in increased aggression. In addition, transgenic RNAi lines and genetic manipulation to knock down gene expression in complex I in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) neurons resulted in increased aggression, but knockdown in glia had no effect. Finally, honey bee colony-level social manipulations that decrease individual aggression attenuated the effects of oxidative phosphorylation inhibition on aggression, demonstrating a specific effect of the social environment on brain function. Because decreased neuronal oxidative phosphorylation is usually associated with brain disease, these findings provide a powerful context for understanding brain metabolic plasticity and naturally occurring behavioral plasticity.M etabolic dynamics are critical to brain function in both vertebrate and invertebrate species (1-3). In mammals, cognitive and behavioral tasks result in increased glucose metabolism and minor increases in oxygen consumption (relative to availability), and similar processes have been shown to occur in insects (3, 4). These metabolic changes underlie widely used technologies that measure brain activity (e.g., functional MRI and PET) (5-7). Because the brain is an energetically demanding organ with high ATP requirements (8), temporal and spatial variation in glucose metabolism is generally assumed to fulfill the energetic demands of signaling and recovery (5). Paradoxically, in humans, less than 10% of the glucose that is taken up as a result of brain activity is fully oxidized through oxidative phosphorylation (OX) to produce ATP, despite adequate oxygen availability, a phenomenon known as aerobic glycolysis (6, 9-11). Furthermore total glucose uptake by the adult human brain exceeds oxygen use by 10-12% (12). Thus, increased demand for high levels of ATP is inadequate to explain the function of variation in glucose metabolism in the brain. Understanding the functional significance of metabolic plasticity, which is essential for cognition but also l...

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“…S1 may affect S2 through activated goals, for example, such as satisfying needs like hunger or thirst. (In the case of hunger, lowered blood glucose levels may further impair S2's ability to control attention and impulses [Gailliot and Baumeister 2007].) Conversely, S2 may hamper S1 impulses by active regulation (e.g.…”

Section: Interaction Between S1 and S2 Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two minds, three ways: dual system and dual process models in consumer psychology

Samson

Voyer

2012

AMS Rev

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AMS Review, December 2012, Volume 2, pp 48-71. AbstractDual system and dual process views of the human mind have contrasted automatic, fast, and non-conscious with controlled, slow, and conscious thinking. This paper integrates duality models from the perspective of consumer psychology by identifying three relevant theoretical strands: Persuasion and attitude change (e.g. Elaboration Likelihood Model), judgment and decision making (e.g. Intuitive vs. Reflective Model), as well as buying and consumption behavior (e.g. Reflective-Impulsive Model). Covering different aspects of the consumer decision making process, we discuss the conditions under which different types of processes are evoked, how they interact and how they apply to consumers' processing of marketing messages, the evaluation of productrelated information, and purchasing behavior. We further compare and contrast theoretical strands and incorporate them with the literature on attitudes, showing how duality models can help us understand implicit and explicit attitude formation in consumer psychology. Finally, we offer future research implications for scholars in consumer psychology and marketing.

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The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control

Cited by 602 publications

References 172 publications

The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children's Executive Function

The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children's Executive Function

Socially responsive effects of brain oxidative metabolism on aggression

Two minds, three ways: dual system and dual process models in consumer psychology

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