The Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Examination of Phenolic acids Contained in Extracts From Four Marrubium Species

Abstract

The aim of the work done was the qualitative and quantitative assessment of a polyphenolic fraction contained in methanolic extracts obtained from the flowering herbs of Marrubium incanum Desr., M. peregrinum L., M. thessalum Boiss. & Heldr., and M. candidissimum L. The samples containing phenolic acids, having undergone acid and alkaline hydrolysis, were investigated by TLC, RP-HPLC, and Q-TOF-MS. In all methanolic extracts of Marrubium species, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, p-coumaric, gentisic, ferulic acids and flavonoids: rutin, kaempferol rhamnohexoside, kaempferol hexoside, isorhamnetin hexoside, apigenin were identified. This is the first study dedicated to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in flowering herbs of selected Marrubium sp. Both the total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity of water extracts obtained from aerial parts were assessed. TPC was estimated with the spectrophotometric method, whereas the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay using Trolox, rutin, caffeic, and gallic acid as reference substances. We also presented the evaluation of antioxidant activity of 70% (v/v) methanolic extracts, that was expressed both as a percentage of DPPH radicals inhibition and IC 50 values (mg/mL). The same Marrubium extracts showed the highest concentration of phenolic acids. Ethanolic (70%, v/v), methanolic, acetone and water extracts of Marrubium sp. were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity using the agar microdilution method against a panel of reference strains of 20 microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi belonging to yeasts.

Assessment of the biological activity of Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss. (Lamiaceae)

“…M. friwaldskyanum extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against one Gram-negative and one Gram-positive species. The determined MIC and MBC values were similar to the ones measured for other Marrubium herbs – M. peregrinum , M. incanum, M. candidissimum, M. thessalum , M. rotundifolium [ 12 , 38 ]. Regarding the E. coli strain tested in the present study, M. peregrinum methanol extract demonstrated markedly weaker activity [ 39 ].…”

“…Among them are M. vulgare , M. parviflorum , M. globosum , M. peregrinum, M. deserti and others [ 1 , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] ]. Essential oils and extracts obtained from these herbs have shown rich composition of natural compounds including sesquiterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, diterpenes and diterpenoids, iridoids and their glycosides, coumarins, and sterols [ [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] ] – content that supports the pharmacological potential of the respective plants [ 13 ]. However, there are a number of Marrubium species with limited distribution that have not been intensively studied.…”

Effect of Sugar Addition and Fermentation Process on Flavonoids, Phenols, and Antioxidant Activity of Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Kombucha

“…The mixtures were allowed to incubate for 30 minutes, and the absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 423 nm. 24 The extract (15 mg of kombucha) solution was dissolved in 10 mL of ethanol to give 1500 ppm used for the analysis. 23 The analysis was done in duplicates.…”

Cytotoxic activity of methanolic fractions of different Marrubium spp. against melanoma cells is independent of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content

“…It showed hypoglycemic [1], analgesic [2,3], antiphlogistic [4], antihypertensive [5,6] and antioxidant activities, [7,8] and much more [9]. In the group of active compounds among Marrubium species, diterpenoids, sterols and phenylpropanoids (including caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids) have been reported [10][11][12]. Despite the wide range of phytochemical components [10], most of the earlier described activities attribute to diterpenoid lactone marrubiin, which is present in high concentrations [13].…”

“…been reported [10][11][12]. Despite the wide range of phytochemical components [10], most of the earlier described activities attribute to diterpenoid lactone marrubiin, which is present in high concentrations [13].…”