“…Extensions to the original PDP provide further correlations, namely the consideration of goods transfer between vehicles, the PDP with transshipments (PDP-T), and the consideration of activity-specific timewindows, the PDP with time windows (PDPTW). Methods addressing the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time-Windows and Transshipments (PDPTWT) have evolved over the years, from an iterative, 2-phase heuristic method that provides sub-optimal solutions [30], to mixed integer linear programming formulations that consider a broad set of system constraints and objectives [28,34,44]. The current state of the art, discussed in Lyu and Yu [28], demonstrates optimal solutions for scenarios featuring up to 25 requests and 2 transshipment stations.…”