The picture theory of seven pathways associated with COVID-19 in the real world

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces immune-mediated diseases. Interactions between the host and virus govern induction, resulting in multiorgan impacts In 2021, as normal life was challenging during the pandemic era, we analyzed SCI journals according to L. Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logi-co-Philosophicus. The pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involves 1) the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways starting with eight, from 2022.01.14., and rediscovered with nineteen, to 2024.01.10., 2) the neuropilin (NRP) pathway with seven and successful with twenty four, 3) the sterile alpha motif (SAM) and histidine-aspartate domain (HD)-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) tetramerization pathway with two and successful with thirteen, 4) inflammasome activation pathways with five and successful with thirteen, 5) the cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS–STING) signaling pathway with six and successful with eleven, 6) the spike protein pathway with fourteen and successful with twenty three, 7) the immunological memory engram pathway with thirteen and successful with eighteen, and 8) the excess acetylcholine pathway with three and successful with nine. We reconfirmed that COVID-19 involved seven (1–7) pathways and a new pathway involving excess acetylcholine. Therefore, it is necessary to therapeutically alleviate and block the pathological course harmoniously with modulating innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) if subsequent diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants are encountered in the future.