The piezoelectric road status sensor using the frequency scanning method and machine-learning algorithms

Abstract

Research highlights  Amplitude frequency response was calculated through theoretical model and finite element analysis.  Nine features were assessed, four calculating methods, including SVR and ANN, were compared.  The measurement upper limit was extended from 1.4mm to 10mm with accuracy better than 1mm.  The reproducibility was experimentally investigated and a field test was conducted to proof the sensor.

Road surface condition detection utilizing resonance frequency and optical technologies

“…On this occasion, the amplitudes of some peaks decrease rapidly and eventually lead to the failure of locating peak position and the instability of sensor reading. To overcome this limitation, finite element analysis (FEA) based on COMSOL Multi-physics has been done to figure out the amplitude frequency response characteristic of the piezoelectric sensor in the previous study [19].…”

Development and verification of integrated photoelectric system for noncontact detection of pavement ponding and freezing

“…Contact methods mainly include temperature sensor, 5 humidity sensor, 6 optical fiber sensor, 7 capacitance sensor, 8,9 and piezoelectric sensor. 10 Noncontact methods mainly include image method, [11][12][13] infrared method, 14,15 ultrasonic method, 16,17 electromechanical impedance, [18][19][20] and ground-penetrating radar. 21 Temperature and humidity sensors measure road surface conditions by detecting ambient temperature and humidity conditions.…”

“…Contact methods mainly include water gauge and capacitive sensor. 10,21 Due to the disadvantages of manual operation, short life, and high cost, contact methods are difficult to be used at a large scale. Noncontact methods mainly include image method, infrared detection, and ultrasonic detection.…”

“…Ice detection methods can be divided into contact methods and noncontact methods. Contact methods mainly include temperature sensor, 5 humidity sensor, 6 optical fiber sensor, 7 capacitance sensor, 8,9 and piezoelectric sensor 10 . Noncontact methods mainly include image method, 11–13 infrared method, 14,15 ultrasonic method, 16,17 electromechanical impedance, 18–20 and ground‐penetrating radar 21 .…”

“…Similarly, detection of water on pavement surface can be based on contact methods or noncontact methods. Contact methods mainly include water gauge and capacitive sensor 10,21 . Due to the disadvantages of manual operation, short life, and high cost, contact methods are difficult to be used at a large scale.…”