The pigment ofXanthomonas populi is a nonbrominated aryl-heptaene belonging to xanthomonadin pigment group 11

Jenkins, Christie L.; Starr, Mortimer P.

doi:10.1007/bf01568797

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The xanthomonadin produced by Xanthomonas populi is not halogenated (19). Our results suggest that, like most xanthomonads, the xanthomonadin isolated from X. oryzae pv.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Genetic Locus Encoding Functions Involved in Biosynthesis and Outer Membrane Localization of Xanthomonadin in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

et al. 2002

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Xanthomonadins are membrane-bound, brominated, aryl-polyene pigments specific to the genus Xanthomonas. We have characterized a genetic locus (pig) from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae which contains four open reading frames (ORFs) that are essential for xanthomonadin production. Three of these ORFs are homologous to acyl carrier proteins, dehydratases, and acyl transferases, suggesting a type II polyketide synthase pathway for xanthomonadin biosynthesis. The fourth ORF has no homologue in the database. For the first time, we report that a putative cytoplasmic membrane protein encoded in the pig locus is required for outer membrane localization of xanthomonadin in X. oryzae pv. oryzae. We also report the identification of a novel 145-bp palindromic Xanthomonas repetitive intergenic consensus element that is present in two places in the pig locus. We estimate that more than 100 copies of this element might be present in the genome of X. oryzae pv. oryzae and other xanthomonads.Members of the genus Xanthomonas cause diseases in a wide range of host plants (25). Many of them can also survive and multiply on plant leaf surfaces as epiphytes without affecting the host (15,44). A characteristic feature of most xanthomonads is the production of yellow, membrane-bound (46), halogenated, aryl-polyene pigments (2, 3) called xanthomonadins, which serve as useful chemotaxonomic (45) and diagnostic markers (41). Xanthomonadin is not essential for in planta growth of bacterial cells (13,35,48). However, it is being established progressively that xanthomonadin protects bacteria against photooxidative damage. Pigment-deficient mutants of Xanthomonas juglandis (20), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (37), and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (33) are more susceptible to photooxidative damage than are wild-type strains. In vitro, xanthomonadin protects membrane lipids in egg-phosphatidylcholine liposomes against peroxidation (37). A transposon-induced xanthomonadin-deficient mutant of X. campestris pv. campestris has been recently shown to be 1,000-fold reduced for epiphytic survival in conditions of high light intensity (33). These observations suggest that xanthomonadin might aid the survival of xanthomonads on plant leaf surfaces by providing protection against photooxidative damage. In spite of their apparent importance, very little is known about the biosynthesis and mechanism of action of xanthomonadins.An 18.6-kb genomic region from X. campestris pv. campestris that contains seven transcriptional units (pig genes) required for xanthomonadin production has been isolated (34, 35). One of the transcriptional units, pigB, is involved in biosynthesis of a diffusible factor that affects the production of xanthomonadin as well as extracellular polysaccharide (34). The unavailability of nucleotide sequences for these transcriptional units, however, limits further insight into the mechanism of xanthomonadin biosynthesis. X. oryzae pv. oryzae mutants that are defective in shikimate dehydrogenase activity have been shown to be deficie...

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“…The xanthomonadin produced by Xanthomonas populi is not halogenated (19). Our results suggest that, like most xanthomonads, the xanthomonadin isolated from X. oryzae pv.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Genetic Locus Encoding Functions Involved in Biosynthesis and Outer Membrane Localization of Xanthomonadin in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

et al. 2002

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“…The lack of homology even between the xanthomonadin and flexirubin biosynthetic genes (both in subfamily 3) is so profound that these pigments have never been connected in the literature: indeed, both previously discovered APEs have been proposed as chemosystematic markers of a genus ( Flexibacter and Xanthomonas ) because of their “limited distribution among bacteria” (Fautz and Reichenbach, 1979; Jenkins and Starr, 1982; Reichenbach et al, 1980; Starr et al, 1977; Wang et al, 2013). Our results, however, show that APE family BGCs are widely distributed throughout the Gram-negative bacterial tree of life (Figure 4, SI Figure 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into Secondary Metabolism from a Global Analysis of Prokaryotic Biosynthetic Gene Clusters

Cimermančič

Medema

Claesen

et al. 2014

Cell

817

862

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Summary Although biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) have been discovered for hundreds of bacterial metabolites, our knowledge of their diversity remains limited. Here, we used a novel algorithm to systematically identify BGCs in the extensive extant microbial sequencing data. Network analysis of the predicted BGCs revealed large gene cluster families, the vast majority uncharacterized. We experimentally characterized the most prominent family, consisting of two subfamilies of hundreds of BGCs distributed throughout the Proteobacteria; their products are aryl polyenes, lipids with an aryl head group conjugated to a polyene tail. We identified a distant relationship to a third subfamily of aryl polyene BGCs, and together the three subfamilies represent the largest known family of biosynthetic gene clusters, with more than 1,000 members. Although these clusters are widely divergent in sequence, their small molecule products are remarkably conserved, indicating for the first time the important roles these compounds play in Gram-negative cell biology.

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“…Starr et al (51) showed that xanthomonadins occur exclusively within this genus. The utility of these compounds as a chemotaxonomic marker is illustrated by the following observations: (i) xanthomonadins were not detected in Xylophilus ampelinus (51) and (ii) X. populi (31) and X. maltophilia were shown to have a xanthomonadin, justifying their inclusion in the genus (51). Not all strains belonging to the genus Xanthomonas produce a yellow pigment on GYCA medium or LPGA medium; e.g., X. campestris pv.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Analysis of 295 Phenotypic Features of 266 Xanthomonas Strains and Related Strains and an Improved Taxonomy of the Genus

Mooter¹,

Swings²

1990

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

135

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An extensive phenotypic description and an improved classification and nomenclature of the genus Xanthomonas are presented. A total of 266 strains obtained from different geographical areas, including representative strains of all species of the genus Xanthomonas and most pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris, as well as strains which might be genetically related to the genus Xanthomonas, were examined for 295 morphological, biochemical, and physiological features. Similarities among the strains were expressed numerically by using the coefficient of Sokal and Michener. Clustering was performed by using the unweighted average pair group method. The conclusions described below were reached. (i) The genus Xanthomonas comprises at least the following eight phena: X. campestris, Xanthomonas albilineans, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas fragariae, Xanthomonas populi, Xanthomonas maltophilia, Xanthomonas oryzae Swings et al. 1990, and X. campestris pv. graminis Egli and Schmidt 1982 [not X. campestris pv. graminis (Egli et al. 1975) ISPP List 1980]. (ii) X. populi (Ridé 1958) Ridé and Ridé 1978 is a separate species. (iii) X. maltophilia Swings et al. 1983 forms a separate species. (iv) X. campestris pv. oryzae ISPP List 1980 can no longer be regarded as pathovar of X. campestris, and its recent reclassification as a new species, X. oryzae (Swings et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:309-311, 1990), is supported. (v) X. campestris pv. graminis Egli and Schmidt 1982 [not X. campestris pv. graminis (Egli et al. 1975) ISPP List 1980] seems to form a separate complex of highly related pathovars obtained from members of the Poaceae; the taxonomic implications of this are discussed. (vi) Strains of nearly all X. campestris pathovars cluster together in the X. campestris phenon. Within this species we were able to differentiate some entities on phenotypic grounds; these groups sometimes corresponded to named pathovars (e.g., X. campestris pv. manihotis, X. campestris pv. cassavae, X. campestris pv. phlei). In several other cases, pathovars were found to be heterogeneous. (vii) A number of dubious Pseudomonas species were identified as members of or as being close to Xanthomonas species. Both Pseudomonas betle and Pseudomonas hibiscicola are synonyms of X. maltophilia. We also confirmed that Pseudomonas mangiferaeindicae, Pseudomonas vitiswoodrowii, and Pseudomonas gardneri belong to X. campestris. (viii) Forty phenotypic features allow the differentiation of the eight Xanthomonas phena. (ix) A number of additional features of the genera Xanthomonas and Xylophilus are described.

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The pigment ofXanthomonas populi is a nonbrominated aryl-heptaene belonging to xanthomonadin pigment group 11

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Genetic Locus Encoding Functions Involved in Biosynthesis and Outer Membrane Localization of Xanthomonadin in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Genetic Locus Encoding Functions Involved in Biosynthesis and Outer Membrane Localization of Xanthomonadin in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Insights into Secondary Metabolism from a Global Analysis of Prokaryotic Biosynthetic Gene Clusters

Numerical Analysis of 295 Phenotypic Features of 266 Xanthomonas Strains and Related Strains and an Improved Taxonomy of the Genus

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