2021
DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes5020013
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The Placenta as a Target of Epigenetic Alterations in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Potential Implications for the Offspring

Abstract: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication first detected in the second or third trimester in women that did not show evident glucose intolerance or diabetes before gestation. In 2019, the International Diabetes Federation reported that 15.8% of live births were affected by hyperglycemia during pregnancy, of which 83.6% were due to gestational diabetes mellitus, 8.5% were due to diabetes first detected in pregnancy, and 7.9% were due to diabetes detected before pregnancy. GDM increases the… Show more

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Cited by 15 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…Population-based data consistently indicate higher rates of congenital malformations and increased perinatal morbidity and mortality in pregnancies affected by diabetes [62]. During pregnancy, placental hormones (estrogen, cortisol, human placental lactogen) [63], growth factors (IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP1-1, placental growth hormone) [64][65][66][67], cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) [68], and other biomolecules [69] contribute to a continuous increase in insulin resistance. This necessitates intensive medical therapy and often requires adjusted insulin administration to prevent threatening hyperglycemia for the fetus.…”
Section: Evaluation During Preconceptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Population-based data consistently indicate higher rates of congenital malformations and increased perinatal morbidity and mortality in pregnancies affected by diabetes [62]. During pregnancy, placental hormones (estrogen, cortisol, human placental lactogen) [63], growth factors (IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP1-1, placental growth hormone) [64][65][66][67], cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) [68], and other biomolecules [69] contribute to a continuous increase in insulin resistance. This necessitates intensive medical therapy and often requires adjusted insulin administration to prevent threatening hyperglycemia for the fetus.…”
Section: Evaluation During Preconceptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The placenta favors the flow toward the fetus of epigenetic alterations induced by the mother's conditions, such as GDM and obesity [178,179]. These epigenetic alterations may induce pregnancy complications, affect fetal and neonatal phenotype and induce offspring disease susceptibility [178,179]. In this regard, resveratrol elicits an anti-epigenetic activity by regulating epigenetic enzymes.…”
Section: Placenta and Resveratrolmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, not every study specifies if the maternal or the fetal side of the placenta was analyzed. Therefore, this review focuses on those studies that specifically analyzed the fetal side of the placenta (also reviewed in [ 40 , 41 ]). To verify whether the findings from cord blood or placenta studies reflect molecular derangements of different organs, animal models, which facilitate the molecular profiling of various tissues, are necessary.…”
Section: Common Tissues and Biofluids For Studying Effects Of Maternal Diabetes On Offspringmentioning
confidence: 99%