The placental transfer of water from fetus to mother following the intravenous infusion of hypertonic mannitol to the maternal rabbit

Bruns, Paul D.; Linder, Robert O.; Drose, Vera E.; Battaglia, Frederick C.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(63)90425-3

Cited by 64 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Maternal water deprivation might be expected to provide a volume as well as an osmotic stress to the fetus (Durr, Stamoutsos & Lindheimer, 1981;Bruns, Linder, Drose & Battaglia, 1963;Bruns, Hellegers, Seeds, Behrman & Battaglia, 1964). However, subsequent experiments have shown that fetal blood volume continues its normal rate of increase during maternal water deprivation (R. J.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestation‐dependent Aspects of the Response of the Ovine Fetus to the Osmotic Stress Induced by Maternal Water Deprivation

Bell¹,

Congiu²,

Hardy³

et al. 1984

Exp Physiol

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SUMMARYWater deprivation was produced in pregnant sheep by withholding water for 24 h and then giving them 500 ml/d for the subsequent 3 d. All ewes bore chronically cannulated fetuses. Eleven experiments were performed in group I animals (gestation periods of 107-119 d at maximal stress) and eight experiments in group II (126-144 d of gestation). Measurements were made of maternal and fetal plasma osmolalities, fetal urine flow rate and osmolality, amniotic fluid osmolality and fetal plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration. The experimental protocol produced a larger increment in maternal and fetal plasma osmolalities in group I than in group II (P < 0 025). For group I fetuses the relationship between plasma ADH concentration, [ADH] and plasma osmolality was log [ADH] = -4-50+0-0174 (osmol) which was significantly different from that for group II fetuses, log [ADHI = -1046+0-0373 (osmol) (P < 0-02). Thus plasma [ADH] was significantly greater, at a given plasma osmolality, in older (group II) than younger (group I) fetuses. For a given value of fetal plasma [ADH] there was a greater reduction in fetal urine free water clearance in older than younger fetuses. Water deprivation of the ewe did disturb the composition of amniotic fluid and the trend in amniotic fluid osmolality followed the trend in fetal urinary osmolality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestation‐dependent Aspects of the Response of the Ovine Fetus to the Osmotic Stress Induced by Maternal Water Deprivation

Bell¹,

Congiu²,

Hardy³

et al. 1984

Exp Physiol

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“…The mannitol-induced increase in maternal serum osmolality would be expected to induce an osmotic gradient favouring water influx into the maternal intravascular compartment. As the sheep placenta is only slightly permeable to mannitol, the observed increase in fetal serum osmolality was most likely the result of net water transport across the placenta from the fetal compartment to the maternal compartment (Bruns, Linder, Drose & Battaglia, 1963;Faber & Green, 1972;Boyd, Haworth, Stacey & Ward, 1976;Lumbers & Stevens, 1983). The more than tenfold maximal increase in the fetal concentrations of AVP during maternal mannitol infusion is probably a consequence of fetal dehydration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The more than tenfold maximal increase in the fetal concentrations of AVP during maternal mannitol infusion is probably a consequence of fetal dehydration. A decrease in fetal total body water following a maternal mannitol infusion has previously been demonstrated in two other species: rhesus monkeys (Bruns, Hellegers, Seeds, Behrman & Battaglia, 1964) and rabbits (Bruns et al 1963).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovine Fetal Response to Water Deprivation: Aspects on the Role of Vasopressin

Herin¹,

Kim²,

Schrier³

et al. 1988

Exp Physiol

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SUMMARYThe effect of maternal hyperosmolality as created by an acute mannitol infusion was evaluated in eight chronic sheep preparations. Fetal osmotic and haemodynamic responses were compared to those achieved during an arginine vasopressin (AVP) infusion into the fetus (approximately 400 ,U/(min kg)). To assess the AVP sensitivity of the fetal kidney the urine osmolality was determined. The activity of adenylate cyclase was measured in placental cotyledons as an indicator of AVP receptors affecting water permeability. The maternal mannitol infusion induced an increase in fetal serum AVP levels from 1 18+ 025 up to 13 76 + 2 1 pg/ml. During the fetal AVP infusion the AVP levels were approximately 22 pg/ ml, somewhat higher when given concurrently with a mannitol infusion to the ewe (peak value: 26-13 + 2-80 pg/ml). Fetal heart rate increased significantly during maternal hyperosmolality while this effect was blunted by exogenous AVP given to the fetus. The AVP infusion did not affect fetal or maternal serum osmolality. During the mannitol infusion fetal serum osmolality increased to peak values which were not significantly different whether or not AVP was infused into the fetus (from 298-0 + 0 85 to 309 0 + 0 90, and from 297 7 + 1f47 to 307 9 + 0 90 mosmol/ kg, respectively). Similarly, there were no differences in the effect of mannitol infusion upon fetal urine osmolality with or without AVP infusion (increments: + 149-7 + 34-12 and + 148-7 + 3130 mosmol/kg, respectively). Adenylate cyclase activity in the placenta was unchanged before and after AVP stimulation. The data suggest an unresponsiveness of placental water permeability to fetal AVP infusion. We also conclude that a maximal urine osmolality was reached already at AVP levels obtained after an osmotic maternal load whereas at AVP levels more than twice as high the cardiovascular effects were still AVP dosedependent.

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“…Furthermore, from time to time, net transplacental transfer is likely to vary if there is a change in the osmotic forces acting across the placenta or in the permeability of the placenta to electrolytes (Armentrout, Katz, Thornburg & Faber, 1977;Conrad & Faber, 1977). Studies have shown that net fluid transfer to the fetus is reduced when the maternal plasma osmolality is increased (Bruns, Linder, Drose & Battaglia, 1963;Bruns, Hellegers, Seeds, Behrman & Battaglia, 1964;Faber & Green, 1972). Faber & Green (1972) increased maternal osmolality by infusing hypertonic solutions of mannitol which does not cross the sheep placenta.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of net transplacental transfer of fluid to the fetal sheep.

Lumbers¹,

Smith²,

Stevens³

1985

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. If fetal drinking activity is prevented and it is assumed that in the latter third of gestation the fetus is capable of maintaining itself in fluid balance, then the net amount of fluid gained across the placenta by the fetus is equal to the amount of fluid lost from the fetus, by routes other than the placenta, plus fluid deposited in growing tissues minus the amount of water produced as a result of oxidative metabolism.2. Net transplacental transfer of fluid to the fetus over a 3 h period was measured in eight chronically catheterized fetal sheep in which drinking activity was prevented by ligating the oesophagus. Urine and lung liquid flow rates were measured. In the latter third of gestation, these are the only significant sources of fluid loss from these fetuses during the 3 h experimental period. Water produced as a result of oxidative metabolism was calculated, as was the amount of fluid deposited in growing tissues during the course of the experiment.3. The weight of the fetus at the beginning of the experiment and the change in weight that occurred during the experiment was calculated by measuring the weight of the fetus at death (within 30 h) and applying an equation which describes the body weight-gestation age relationship for merino sheep.4. Net transplacental fluid transfer was 040 + 0-09 ml min-1 kg-' (range 0-30-0 54 ml min-kg-'). Fetal urine flow rate averaged 0-30 + 0-11 ml min' kg-'. It was 72-8 + 10 0 % of the volumes used to calculate net transplacental fluid transfer to the fetus. Lung liquid flow rate was 0 079 + 0 039 ml min-kg-'. It was 20-2 + 9-2 % of the volumes used to calculate net fluid intake. The amount of fluid deposited as a result of tissue growth was 0-023 + 0-001 ml min' kg-'; it was 5-94 + t1 % of the volumes used in the equation, while the production of water as a result of metabolism was 3.9 x 10-3 ml min-kg-' (Conrad & Faber, 1977) and constituted 1 01 +0-22 % of the volumes used in the equation.5. This method of measuring net transplacental fluid transfer to the fetus can be used to measure fetal fluid intake over relatively short periods of time. It also means that the effects of disturbances in maternal fluid and electrolyte balance on fluid transfer to the fetus can be studied and quantitated.PHY 364 10

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The placental transfer of water from fetus to mother following the intravenous infusion of hypertonic mannitol to the maternal rabbit

Cited by 64 publications

References 7 publications

Gestation‐dependent Aspects of the Response of the Ovine Fetus to the Osmotic Stress Induced by Maternal Water Deprivation

Gestation‐dependent Aspects of the Response of the Ovine Fetus to the Osmotic Stress Induced by Maternal Water Deprivation

Ovine Fetal Response to Water Deprivation: Aspects on the Role of Vasopressin

Measurement of net transplacental transfer of fluid to the fetal sheep.

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