The Plantaris Muscle Tendon and Its Relationship with the Achilles Tendinopathy

Olewnik, Łukasz; Wysiadecki, Grzegorz; Podgórski, Michał; Polguj, Michał; Topol, Mirosław

doi:10.1155/2018/9623579

Cited by 55 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A Brand tendon stripper is slipped over the free end of the tendon and advanced under tension for approximately 20 to 25 cm, until the cutting edge strikes the belly of the plantaris muscle. Hypothetically, due to application of this standard dorsomedial method, PT may remain unnoticed when the tendon is anterior to the Achilles tendon, which Olewnik et al [25] distinguished as variant B of the course of the PT in the most recent PT course and insertion classification. According to their work, this variant is present in 15.5% of all specimens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potential involvement of PM in midportion Achilles tendinopathy, which accounts for 55-65% of cases, has been described in numerous research studies which are growing in number [1,33,34]. According to the studies of Olewnik et al [25], one PT type, in particular, should be taken into consideration, i.e. insertion into the flexor retinaculum of the leg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specific course of the PT and type of insertion may significantly affect the onset of Achilles midportion tendinopathy [25]. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis is still not fully understood [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

et al. 2020

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Purpose Seemingly a well-known, weak, and vestigial plantaris muscle should not be a revelation. However, recent studies have shown that this structure is incredibly underestimated and perceived only as an infirm flexor of the talocrural joint, the knee joint or a great source of graft tissue. Usually, the origin of this inconspicuous muscle begins at the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the knee joint capsule. It continues distally, forming a long and slender tendon. In most cases, it inserts onto the calcaneal tuberosity on the medial side of the Achilles tendon. However, many morphological variations have been discovered during anatomical dissections and surgical procedures. Nevertheless, according to the present literature, no other studies presented such a complex insertion variant, with indisputable clinical value and significant proof of development of this forgotten muscle. Methods The dissection of the right thigh, knee, crural and talocrural region was performed using standard techniques according to a strictly specified protocol. Results Four different insertion points were observed. The first band (A) inserted near to the tarsal canal flexor retinaculum. The second band (B) bifurcates into two branches-B1 and B2. B1 is located on the medial side and B2 is located on the lateral side of the calcaneal tuberosity. The third band (C) is inserted into the superior nonarticular calcaneal surface of the calcaneus anteriorly to the Achilles tendon. Conclusion A differently shaped plantaris tendon could be considered a cause of harvesting procedure failure. In the light of new case reports perhaps what we are now witnessing is remodeling and transformation of the Plantaris muscle. If so, the awareness of the influence on the onset of Achilles midportion tendinopathy or a potential role in tibialis posterior conflict can be crucial for every clinician.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

et al. 2020

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“…The inclusion criteria comprised sufficient specimen quality and the lack of evidence of surgical intervention in the examined area; this is needed to allow for complete identification of the tendon insertion. Dissection of the lower limb was performed in accordance with the preestablished protocol (Olewnik et al , , , , ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proposal for a new classification for the tendon of insertion of tibialis posterior

Olewnik

2019

Clinical Anatomy

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Although the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle (TPM) is high morphological variability, its insertion is not well defined in anatomy discussions. The aim of the work is to systematize the classification of tibialis posterior tendon insertion by anatomical dissection. Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 80 lower limbs (40 female, 40 male) fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology of the insertion of the tendon was evaluated, and the muscle was subjected to appropriate morphometric measurements. Four types of insertion were observed, the most common being Type III (35 cases -43.75%): a triple distal attachment where the main tendon inserts to the navicular bone and the medial cuneiform bone, and two accessory bands insert to the medial, lateral, or intermediate cuneiform bone or to the metatarsal bones (II, III, IV, V) depending on subtypes (A-C). The second most common type was Type II (18 cases: 22.5%): a double distal attachment. Type IV (14 cases: 17.5%) was characterized by quadruple distal attachment and was also divided into three subtypes (A-B). The rarest type was Type I (13 cases: 16.25%), which was characterized by a single band: the main tendon inserts to the navicular bone and the medial cuneiform bone. The tendon of the TPM presents high morphological variability. Knowledge of the four particular types of insertions is essential for both clinicians and anatomists. Clin. Anat. 32:557-565, 2019.

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“…The knee region was dissected using traditional techniques (Olewnik et al, , , , , ). Detailed description of the protocol for dissecting the anterolateral ligament (ALL) in cadaveric specimens . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: A Proposed Classification System

et al. 2018

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The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a potential stabilizer of the knee and cooperates with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It originates on the lateral epicondyle of the femur, to which it is mainly posterior and proximal; insertion is posterior to Gerdy's tubercle. Its anatomical characteristics vary. Recent publications have focused on morphological variations concerning mainly the femoral and tibial attachments, and on morphometric measurements. Histological and cystochemical examinations have also been performed. Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 111 lower limbs (25 isolated and 86 paired) fixed in 10% formalin. The knee region was dissected using traditional techniques and the morphological features of the ALL were assessed: morphometric measurements and the types of ALL. The ALL was present in 70 individuals (37 woman and 33 men). In 30 cases, it was absent symmetrically, and in 11, it was present on just one side (P = 0.0011). The ALL was morphologically very variable. In type I (the most common form - 64.3%), a single band traveled parallel to the fibular collateral ligament (FCL); in type II the band crossed it. In type III, the origin was located on the lateral epicondyle of the femur and also on the lateral-posterior surface of the joint capsule, and the insertion was in the deep fascia of the leg: this type could be called a capsule. Type IV was characterized by a double ALL, type IIb by ligaments that bifurcated, and type V by the ALL starting directly from the FCL rather than the femoral epicondyle. The ALL is characterized by high morphological variability, both in its femoral and in its tibial attachments and in its course. Clin. Anat. 31:966-973, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The Plantaris Muscle Tendon and Its Relationship with the Achilles Tendinopathy

Cited by 55 publications

References 28 publications

Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

A proposal for a new classification for the tendon of insertion of tibialis posterior

The Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: A Proposed Classification System

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