“…In general, mangrove plants grow optimally between the 5–20 ppt salinity range, while the majority of plants can survive under a salinity level of 35 ppt ( Patel et al., 2010 ; Wang et al., 2011 ; Kodikara et al., 2017 ). Excessive water salinity can cause stunted growth ( Parida et al., 2004 ), reduced biomass ( Ball, 2002 ; Hoppe-Speer et al., 2011 ), impaired photosynthesis ( Naidoo et al., 2002 ; Parida et al., 2004 ), peroxidized cell membrane lipids ( Silva et al., 2023 ), unbalanced reactive oxygen species generation ( Barnuevo and Asaeda, 2018 ), and interferes with water and nutrition uptake by the root system, resulting in very low survival rates ( Ball, 2002 ; Kodikara et al., 2017 ; Cao et al., 2023 ). There are significant interspecific differences in salt tolerance of mangroves, which regulate the response and competitive ability of mangrove species to salinity gradients ( Costa et al., 2015 ; Dangremond et al., 2015 ) and thus influence species distribution and flora composition ( Bunt et al., 1982 ; Ball and Pidsley 1995 ; Torres-Fernández del Campo et al., 2018 ).…”