The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.

Correll, Joshua; Park, Bernadette; Judd, Charles H.; Wittenbrink, Bernd

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1314

Cited by 925 publications

(963 citation statements)

References 51 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

879

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Such implicit bias leads to actual perceptions of racial stigma and ecological contamination whereby individuals view all persons (e.g., Blacks) living in a geographical area as threatening, dangerous, and violent (e.g., culture of violence). In a recent experimental study with police officers, Correl, Park, Judd, and Wittenbrink (2002) tested the power of implicit bias by conducting shoot/don't shoot exercises with police officers who were instructed to shoot armed and not to shoot unarmed targets. The findings indicated that officers responded more quickly to shooting an armed target when such target represented an African American as opposed to a White target.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing crime: Neighborhood characteristics and police recording behavior

Varano

Schafer

Cancino

et al. 2009

Journal of Criminal Justice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tIt has long been acknowledged that police officers have substantial levels of discretion in their day-to-day activities. There is a well developed body of literature that considers how this discretion is exercised across a broad array of situations including the decision to arrest, use force, and grant citizen requests for official action. Using both social disorganization and conflict theories as conceptual models, the purpose of this study was to determine if neighborhood characteristics affect police reporting behavior across a wide cross-section of reported call types. The findings indicated that reporting behavior widely varies across crime types with a greater percentage of more serious crimes translated into official crime. Neighborhood characteristics did affect reporting practices, but surprisingly only for more serious forms of disorder where discretion was perceived to be less. The findings lent support for both social disorganization and conflict theories. Theoretical implications are discussed.© 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. IntroductionQuestions about when and how police use discretion have been a pressing concern among scholars for decades. A large body of literature seeks to explain discretionary decision-making by police, particularly regarding the use of force and decision to arrest. Less empirical consideration has focused on how police use discretion when recording citizen reported calls for service into official crime, despite the broad effect this decision has on victims and communities.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing crime: Neighborhood characteristics and police recording behavior

Varano

Schafer

Cancino

et al. 2009

Journal of Criminal Justice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In another perceptual effect of race, participants are more likely to misperceive a tool as a weapon after being primed with an African American face (see also Eberhardt, Goff, Purdie, & Davies, 2004;Payne, 2001). In a similar vein, participants taking part in a computer game where they have to shoot only those people who carry a gun are more likely to accidentally shoot black computer avatars carrying tools than white avatars (Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002), an effect that also holds for avatars with Muslim headgear (Unkelbach, Forgas, & Denson, 2008). So far we have given an overview of studies that explored the interaction between high level social knowledge and low-level perceptual processes (for an overview of the effects of non-social high-level factors and perception, please see Vetter & Newen, 2014).…”

Section: Social Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A social Bayesian brain: How social knowledge can shape visual perception

Otten

Seth

Pinto

2017

Brain and Cognition

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

(2017) A social Bayesian brain: how social knowledge can shape visual perception. Brain and Cognition, 112. pp. 69-77. ISSN 0278-2626 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/61149/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University.Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. A growing body of research suggests that social contextual factors such as desires and goals, affective states and stereotypes can shape early perceptual processes. We suggest that a generative Bayesian approach towards perception provides a powerful theoretical framework to accommodate how such high-level social factors can influence low-level perceptual processes in their earliest stages. We review experimental findings that show how social factors shape the perception and evaluation of people, behavior, and socially relevant objects or information. Subsequently, we summarize the generative view of perception within the 'Bayesian brain', and show how such a framework can account for the pervasive effects of top-down social knowledge on social cognition. Finally, we sketch the theoretical and experimental implications of social predictive perception, indicating new directions for research on the effects and neurocognitive underpinnings of social cognition. 3Humans are intensely social animals: social interaction in all shapes and sizes forms a core aspect of our existence. The things we know, both consciously (explicitly) and unconsciously (implicitly), about other people helps us to swiftly interpret their behaviour and respond appropriately. In recent years, evidence has mounted that social knowledge shapes not just how we interpret the world around us, but also how we perceive it (see for example Barrett & Bar, 2009). Research from experimental social psychology focussing mainly on visual perception suggests that social contextual factors can subtly but substantially change how a stimulus is processed, which in turn changes the percept that people experience. In this paper, we provide an overview of the ...

show abstract

“…Likewise, studies show that characteristics of other virtual characters, such as gender (Guadagno, Blascovich, Bailenson, & McCall, 2007), or aspects of the interpersonal RUNNING HEAD: Virtual Violence and Guilt 6 virtual setting, such as interpersonal distance (Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, & Loomis, 2003), influence the way users perceive and interact with these characters socially. In a study by Correll, Park, Judd, and Wittenbrink (2002), participants were required to shoot armed soldiers in a simple video game. Results showed that White participants shot armed African American soldiers more quickly than White soldiers, suggesting that the ethnicity of the virtual characters activated participants' stereotypes.…”

Section: Different From Playing Chess: the Moral Significance Of Virtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Just a Game? Unjustified Virtual Violence Produces Guilt in Empathetic Players

Hartmann¹,

Toz²,

Brandon³

2010

Media Psychology

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many avid gamers discount violent conduct in video games as morally insignificant as "it is just a game". However, recent debates among users, regarding video games featuring inappropriate forms of virtual violence, suggest a more complex truth. Two experiments (N 1 = 49, N 2 = 80) examined users' guilt responses in order to explore the moral significance of virtual violence. In both studies, justification of virtual violence and users' trait empathy determined guilt in a structurally similar way to real-world scenarios: people felt guiltier if they engaged in unjustified virtual violence, especially if they were empathetic players. These results show that video games are capable of inducing affective moral responses in users. Accordingly, virtual violence may be considered morally significant action.Keywords: violence, video games, guilt, empathy, justification, morality (Bartle, 2008).Virtual violence may be defined as any behavior intended to do harm to another video game character, who is motivated to avoid the harm-doing (Anderson et al., 2008;Baron & Richardson, 1994). Shooting virtual characters for example, in first-person shooter video games, provides a typical example of virtual violence. While many studies have shown that virtual violence depicted in video games increases aggression in users (Anderson et al., 2010), surprisingly little is known about how users perceive and experience virtual violence themselves (e.g., Scharrer & Leone, 2006, Young & Whitty, 2010.Violent video games are designed for entertainment purposes. Consequently, regular violent game players do not typically feel as though they are doing something wrong when they shoot virtual characters. A frequent argument put forward by avid gamers is that they are well aware that the violence depicted in video games "is not real" (Ladas, 2002). For example, Klimmt, Schmid, Nosper, Vorderer, and Hartmann (2006, see also Whitty, Young, & Goodings, in press) asked avid gamers how they experience virtual violence personally. The majority of players replied that they enjoyed virtual violence as they believe that shooting virtual characters is "just a game" (comparable to chess) and has "nothing to do with killing". This suggests that players maintain a psychologically detached and unaffected stance when playing violent games and that virtual violence is too artificial to be considered morally significant and thus trigger any moral response in the user.RUNNING HEAD: Virtual Violence and Guilt 2 However, Klimmt et al.'s (2006) study suggests that users may also perceive and judge virtual violence in a moral way. In their study, a number of players indicated that they would find it disturbing if they accidentally shot a child, for example, or if painful injuries were depicted in the video game. Related discussion of "inappropriate" virtual violence also exists in the video game community. Many video game-related online blogs and forums recently featured heated debate regarding a mission included in the popular online-role-playing game "...

show abstract

The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.

Cited by 925 publications

References 51 publications

Constructing crime: Neighborhood characteristics and police recording behavior

Constructing crime: Neighborhood characteristics and police recording behavior

A social Bayesian brain: How social knowledge can shape visual perception

Just a Game? Unjustified Virtual Violence Produces Guilt in Empathetic Players

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About