The polishing of diamond

Grillo, Stefano; Field, J. E.

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/30/2/007

Cited by 81 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A terminology used in the polishing industry and scientific literature refers to the direction of the highest polishing wear rate (in the case of our IIa diamond samples the 100 direction on the {100} crystal plane), as the "easy direction" and the direction with the lowest polishing wear rate (in our samples the 110 or 111 direction in the {100} crystal plane) the "hard direction" . Work by Grillo and Field [17] showed that when polishing {100} diamonds in the 110 direction, or the "hard direction", the polishing debris consists of fragments of diamonds, suggesting the material is being removed by mechanically chipping the surface. This is clearly seen in Fig.1(a) where large chips, several microns in size, are seen on the diamond surface.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Superconducting nanowire single photon detector on diamond

Atikian

Eftekharian

Salim

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) are fabricated directly on diamond substrates and their optical and electrical properties are characterized. Dark count performance and photon count rates are measured at varying temperatures for 1310nm and 632nm photons. The procedure to prepare diamond substrate surfaces suitable for the deposition and patterning of thin film superconducting layers is reported. Using this approach, diamond substrates with less than 300pm RMS surface roughness are obtained.Diamond has recently gained significant interest as a promising platform for on-chip high-performance photonic devices [1][2][3]. Diamond exhibits many favorable material properties such as a high refractive index (n=2.4), wide bandgap (5.5eV), and a large optical transmission range from the UV to the mid infrared. Diamond is also host to numerous defect color centers such as the nitrogen-vancancy (NV) center, that can be utilized as an optically addressable spin based memory, particularly interesting in the field of quantum information processing [4,5]. In addition, diamond has a relatively large Kerr non-linearity [6] (n 2 = 1.3 · 10 −19 m 2 /W) making it an attractive platform for on-chip nonlinear optics in the visible and infrared wavelengths [7]. An exciting application for utilizing this diamond non-linearity could allow for frequency conversion of photons generated by color centers in diamond, which typically emit in the visible range, to the telecom wavelengths [8]. This could enable transmission of quantum information and distribution of quantum entanglement [9, 10] over long distances, for the realization of quantum repeaters. Such an integrated diamond quantum photonics platform would benefit from the realization of high performance single photon detectors, with broadband photon sensitivity, that are integrated directly on the same diamond chip.Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) outperform other single photon detector technologies on several merits such as quantum efficiency [11], timing jitter, dark count rates, and broad spectral sensitivity [12,13]. SNSPDs typically consist of narrow width nanowires patterned into an ultrathin (4nm to 8nm) superconducting film, commonly made from niobium nitride or some derivative of [14]. The nanowires are current biased close to the critical current of the superconductor. When an incident photon is absorbed by the wire, a small resistive hotspot is formed generating a voltage pulse that can be subsequently amplified and measured [15]. Since the performance of SNSPDs is critically * loncar@seas.harvard.edu dependent on nanowire structural uniformity, it is crucial to have them deposited on smooth substrate surfaces to avoid constrictions that can have detrimental effects on detection efficiency [16].In this letter, we report NbTiN superconducting nanowires deposited directly on diamond substrates that exhibit promising single photon sensitivity. Specifically, we provide details of the fabrication procedure developed, resulting in ...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Superconducting nanowire single photon detector on diamond

Atikian

Eftekharian

Salim

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies of the polishing residue show both similarities and differences between the directions. Electron energy loss spectroscopy [6] and transmission electron microscopy [7] studies of the polishing residue indicate that it consists mainly of amorphous clusters, although nanometer scale regions with a structure similar to graphite are also observed. When polishing in the hard direction, additional small diamonds (∼1 nm 3 ) are occasionally observed in the residue, although it is unclear whether these originated in the polishing diamond or the polished diamond, and there are also fewer graphitic regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore the size of clusters in the residue, and the small amount of material removed per traversal in sliding indenter experiments [4], suggest a mechanism in which only a few carbon atoms are removed in each tribological event. In other respects the hard and soft polishing directions are more similar, for example, the increase in polishing rate in hydrogen and oxygen rich environments [5] and the weak temperature dependence of the rate [6]. Studies of the polishing residue show both similarities and differences between the directions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic Mechanism for Mechanical Polishing of Diamond (110) Surfaces

et al. 1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mechanically induced degradation of diamond, as occurs during polishing, is studied using totalenergy pseudopotential calculations. The strong asymmetry in the rate of polishing between different directions on the diamond (110) surface is explained in terms of an atomistic mechanism for nanogroove formation. The post-polishing surface morphology and the nature of the polishing residue predicted by this mechanism are consistent with experimental evidence.PACS numbers: 81.40. Pq, 62.20.Fe, 71.15.Nc The extreme mechanical properties of diamond are of both practical and academic interest, and have been the subject of much recent research [1]. Diamond, the hardest known natural material, is extremely wear resistant and conventional polishing requires the abrasive action of diamond powder to wear down the surface. In spite of extensive experimental investigation, very little is known about the dominant microscopic mechanisms which occur during polishing, where the conditions are such that both mechanical and chemical processes can play a role. In this Letter we describe the results of ab-initio quantummechanical simulations of particular wear processes on the (110) surface. These simulations suggest that the atomistic mechanism of nano-grooving may be responsible for the main features of diamond polishing on this surface [2].The most striking feature of diamond polishing on the (110) surface is the strong asymmetry in the rates of material removal between different directions. Ratios of greater than 10:1 between the 001 (soft) direction and the 110 (hard) direction are typically observed [3]. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies [4] of the postpolishing surface morphology also show significant differences between the directions. In the soft direction there are grooves which are flat bottomed on the atomic scale and which are absent in the hard direction. For the soft direction, the absence of fractures or dislocations indicates that the regime in which polishing occurs is below the critical stress. Furthermore the size of clusters in the residue, and the small amount of material removed per traversal in sliding indenter experiments [4], suggest a mechanism in which only a few carbon atoms are removed in each tribological event. In other respects the hard and soft polishing directions are more similar, for example, the increase in polishing rate in hydrogen and oxygen rich environments [5] and the weak temperature dependence of the rate [6]. Studies of the polishing residue show both similarities and differences between the directions. Electron energy loss spectroscopy [6] and transmission electron microscopy [7] studies of the polishing residue indicate that it consists mainly of amorphous clusters, although nanometer scale regions with a structure similar to graphite are also observed. When polishing in the hard direction, additional small diamonds (∼1 nm 3 ) are occasionally observed in the residue, although it is unclear whether these originated in the polishing diamond or the polished diamond, and there are al...

show abstract

“…Perhaps as a result of this, research on diamond wear has tended to branch into two main areas: low speed frictional sliding experiments -measuring friction with controlled contact and atmospheric conditions [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and post-wear analysis which has included studies of the diamond surfaces after polishing and friction experiments [14][15][16][17] and debris analysis [9,11,12,[18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%