1984
DOI: 10.2307/2759070
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The Political Economy of the Philippines: Critical Perspectives

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1986
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“…While historical and cultural factors differentiate the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) economies, especially in regard to agrarian characteristics, these authors attributed many Philippine development problems to mismanagement of foreign funds under inefficient policies enacted by the Marcos regime. More radical studies attribute ultimate blame to policies prescribed at a higher level by international lending institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (Jose 1982;Bello, Kinley, and Elinson 1982;Villegas 1983;Lichauco 1973;Turner 1984). Such controversies continue today, albeit in a more politically restrained wait-and-see context.…”
mentioning
confidence: 92%
“…While historical and cultural factors differentiate the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) economies, especially in regard to agrarian characteristics, these authors attributed many Philippine development problems to mismanagement of foreign funds under inefficient policies enacted by the Marcos regime. More radical studies attribute ultimate blame to policies prescribed at a higher level by international lending institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (Jose 1982;Bello, Kinley, and Elinson 1982;Villegas 1983;Lichauco 1973;Turner 1984). Such controversies continue today, albeit in a more politically restrained wait-and-see context.…”
mentioning
confidence: 92%
“…Additionally, as mentioned above, a substantial amount of international loans never reached the Philippines in the first place. Indeed, external influences are certainly not solely to blame for the Philippines' lack of economic development during the time frame in question (Hutchcroft 1991: 430; for an overview of contributions arguing to the contrary see Turner 1984).…”
Section: (Initial) Conditions In the Philippinesmentioning
confidence: 99%