“…It has been argued that greater attention must be paid to readiness to teach prior to entry to the profession (Cochran-Smith, 2005;Lewis, & Young, 2013;Wiseman, 2012) due to novice teachers disproportionally contributing to the poor achievement of students (Boyd, Grossman, Lankford, Loeb, Wykoff, 2009;Sawchuk, 2010). In response to this concern, states have instituted policies designed to hold teacher education programs accountable for the performance of the students their graduates teach utilizing VAM measures (Floden, 2012;Knight, Edmondson, Lloyd, Arbaugh, Nolan Jr., Whitney, & McDonald, 2012) and changes to certification exams.…”