The Pollution Hazard to Village Water Supplies in Eastern Botswana.

Lewis, W.J.; Farr, J.; Foster, Stephen

doi:10.1680/iicep.1980.2538

Cited by 44 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Studies in the peri-urban areas of Kisumu, Kenya, have shown that the density of latrines within a 100 m radius of the sources was significantly correlated with nitrate levels (Wright et al 2013). In eastern Botswana, the build-up of nitrogenous latrine effluent in soils and downwards leaching resulted in nitrate concentrations of above 500 mg/L (Lewis et al 1980). The highest concentrations are found downstream of areas with high latrine use (Vinger et al 2012).…”

Section: Chemical Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, Sangodoyin (1993) found that nitrate concentrations were not related to distance from pit latrines in Abeokuta, Nigeria. In eastern Botswana the build-up of nitrogenous latrine effluent in soils and vertical leaching resulted in nitrate concentrations of above 500 mg/L (Lewis et al 1980). Direct measurements and well-designed studies are sparse and rarely consider rapid flowpaths or multi-point sources of contamination.…”

Section: Separation Between Sources Of Pollution and Groundwater Abstmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chloride is typically transported with minimal retention and frequently tracks nitrate (e.g. Lewis et al 1980) unless subsurface conditions promote denitrification. Ammonium does not often accumulate in groundwater near latrines but can accumulate and persist in anaerobic conditions and when the water table intersects the base of the latrine pit (Dzwairo et al 2006;Nyenje et al 2013).…”

Section: Separation Between Sources Of Pollution and Groundwater Abstmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban groundwater quality in sub-Saharan Africa: current status and implications for water security and public health

et al. 2017

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Groundwater resources are important sources of drinking water in Africa, and they are hugely important in sustaining urban livelihoods and supporting a diverse range of commercial and agricultural activities. Groundwater has an important role in improving health in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). An estimated 250 million people (40% of the total) live in urban centres across SSA. SSA has experienced a rapid expansion in urban populations since the 1950s, with increased population densities as well as expanding geographical coverage. Estimates suggest that the urban population in SSA will double between 2000 and 2030. The quality status of shallow urban groundwater resources is often very poor due to inadequate waste management and source protection, and poses a significant health risk to users, while deeper borehole sources often provide an important source of good quality drinking water. Given the growth in future demand from this finite resource, as well as potential changes in future climate in this region, a detailed understanding of both water quantity and quality is required to use this resource sustainably. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the water quality status, both microbial and chemical, of urban groundwater in SSA across a range of hydrogeological terrains and different groundwater point types. Lower storage basement terrains, which underlie a significant proportion of urban centres in SSA, are particularly vulnerable to contamination. The relationship between mean nitrate concentration and intrinsic aquifer pollution risk is assessed for urban centres across SSA. Current knowledge gaps are identified and future research needs highlighted.

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Section: Chemical Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Separation Between Sources Of Pollution and Groundwater Abstmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Separation Between Sources Of Pollution and Groundwater Abstmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban groundwater quality in sub-Saharan Africa: current status and implications for water security and public health

et al. 2017

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“…Major sources of nitrate in urban aquifers are related to wastewater disposal (onsite systems particularly pit latrines and leaky sewers), solid waste disposal (dumpsites) and industrial activities (Bowell et al 1997;Tredoux et al 2000;Wakida and Lerner 2005;Mjemah et al 2011;Mtoni et al 2012). Human excreta introduces about 5 kg of nitrogen to the environment per year per capita (Lewis et al 1980).…”

Section: Sources Of Nitrate In the Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater aquifers: A review

Elisante

Muzuka

2015

Appl Water Sci

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More than 25 % of Tanzanian depends on groundwater as the main source of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial activities. The current trend of land use may lead to groundwater contamination and thus increasing risks associated with the usage of contaminated water. Nitrate is one of the contaminants resulting largely from anthropogenic activities that may find its way to the aquifers and thus threatening the quality of groundwater.

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“…The significance of pit-latrine sanitation for groundwater quality is well established (Xu and Usher 2006), with a high-nitrate problem coupled with other chemical and fecal contamination having been identified in Mochudi in Botswana almost 30 years ago (Lewis et al 1980). The risk of fecal pollution, however, could be limited to the most vulnerable hydrogeological conditions, but it currently remains a much more widespread problem because of inappropriate sanitation unit design/operation and inadequate waterwell sanitary completion.…”

Section: Improving the Efficiency Of Rural Village Water-supply Provimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard-rock aquifers in tropical regions: using science to inform development and management policy

Foster

2012

Hydrogeol J

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An overview of progress during the past 30 years in the hydrogeologic understanding of groundwater in hard-rock aquifers of tropical regions is presented. Geographically, the paper concentrates upon and contrasts Tropical Africa and Peninsular India, where very extensive areas of weathered hard-rock aquifers occur, but its conclusions are more widely applicable. This scientific understanding forms the basis for a critical discussion of key policy issues for the development and management of the water resources of these aquifers, given their major importance for economical and sustainable water-supply provision, in the context of efforts to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals for rural drinking water and improved livelihoods.

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The Pollution Hazard to Village Water Supplies in Eastern Botswana.

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Urban groundwater quality in sub-Saharan Africa: current status and implications for water security and public health

Urban groundwater quality in sub-Saharan Africa: current status and implications for water security and public health

Occurrence of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater aquifers: A review

Hard-rock aquifers in tropical regions: using science to inform development and management policy

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