Populations of Paeonia caucasica (Schipcz.) Schipcz., 1937 growing in various forest phytocenoses were discovered and studied during the monitoring of protected plant species in the Republic of Adygea. The allocation of the species to a certain range of altitudes above sea level and types of communities were defined. The ontogenetic structure and states of plants were identified, and the state of P. caucasica populations was assessed.