The possibility of absolute atomic absorption and atomic emission flame spectrometric analysis

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: Review of Instrumental and Methodological Approaches to Material Analysis and Applications to Different Fields

“…This daunting task has been challenged before by several atomic spectroscopic methods, such as absorption and fluorescence, mass spectrometry with plasma and glow discharge sources, and X-ray spectrometry. 262,,–272 In LIBS, calibration-free (CF) procedures 273,,–294 have become popular in many laboratories and have been applied to a variety of analytical problems in different fields with varying degrees of success. CF approaches have been, are, and will be of significant relevance in LIBS for many reasons that will be outlined in this review, and they therefore deserve careful consideration.…”

“…If the theoretical expression describing this dependence is reliable enough to allow a direct calculation of the concentration from a single measurement, in absolute units, of the physical parameter, then one can speak of an absolute method of analysis. 17,262 This is the only acceptable definition of absolute analysis, i.e., the capability of providing quantitative results without the use of standard reference materials. Some methods of chemical analysis can be made stable with time and reproducible to the point that standard reference materials need to be used only infrequently : in this case, one speaks of standardless analysis .…”

A New Method for Standardless Analysis in ETA-AAS Applied to the Determination of Lead Associated with Air Aerosol

“…An absolute method of analysis can be defined as a method through which an instrumental signal can be related to the concentration or quantity of analyte in a sample by a theoretical equation sufficiently reliable to allow a direct calculation in absolute units of the desired quantity from a single measurement (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8).…”