fears of degradation in this area relate more to ideology than evidence. In particular, it is argued 1. It is generally considered that the open that factors conferring resilience and persistence on woodlands of north-west Namibia are experiencing both the environment and the regional herding widespread degradation due to over-use of resources economy are obscured by: (1) disregard for the by local herders.implications of spatial and temporal scale in 2. Data are presented regarding community interpretations of ecological data; (2) a conceptual floristics, diversity, density, cover and population adherence to equilibrium dynamics that stresses structure for woody vegetation. These are analysed density-dependent impacts of people and livestock in relation to abiotic factors of topography and over and above the role of abiotic factors in substrate, and to settlement impacts represented constraining and driving primary productivity; and indirectly by distance from settlement and directly(3) remnants of a colonial ideology, which tends to by measures of branch cutting and browsing.view 'traditional communal farming' practices as 3. None of the vegetation indices upheld predicted environmentally degrading. patterns of degradation except on a small scale, confined to within settlements. Moreover, in nearly Key words. Open woodland degradation, desertification, pastoralism, policy, scale, biotic and all cases, local settlement effects were within the range of variability observed at larger scales. abiotic factors, traditional communal farming, Namibia. 4. It is concluded that continuing perceptions and Pokot and Turkana. ODI Social Forestry Network Paper, Group, Anthropology Dept, UCL, particularly Dan 6b. Brockington, Guy Cowlishaw, Alan Dangour, Hilda Behnke, R. (1993) Natural resource management in pastoral Kiwasila and Emmanuel de Merode, for discussion Africa. Paper presented to the UNEP workshop on and encouragement; to Rick Rohde, Pat Craven, Linda listening to the people: social aspects of dryland Baker and John Paterson for friendship and support in management, December 1993, Nairobi. Namibia; to Ruwenzori office services for a supportive A.B. (1990) Communal land use and the 'tragedy of the commons': some problems and development respectively. This paper was written with the further perspectives with specific reference to the semi-arid support of a British Academy Post-doctoral regions of Southern Africa. J. Grassld Soc. Sth. Afr. 7, Fellowship.