The possible role of oral microbiome in autoimmunity

Abstract

Objective The human microbiome refers to the entire habitat, including microorganisms, their genomes and the surrounding environmental conditions of the microbial ecosystem. When the equilibrium between microbial habitats and host is disturbed, dysbiosis is caused. The oral microbiome (OMB) has been implicated in the manifestation of many intra- and extraoral diseases. Lately, there has been an intense effort to investigate and specify the relationship between microbial complexes, especially that of the oral cavity and intestine and autoimmunity. This study aimed to review the current literature about the possible role of the OMB in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Methods We searched for published articles in English indexed in PubMed, Medline, Research Gate and Google Scholar using a search strategy that included terms for oral microbiome, autoimmune diseases, dysbiosis and next-generation sequencing. Results An important number of articles were gathered and used for the description of the possible impact of dysbiosis of OMB in the pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Behcet’s disease, Crohn’s disease and psoriasis. Conclusion This review article draws attention to the relationship between OMB and the triggering of a number of autoimmune diseases. Although this specific topic has been previously reviewed, herein, the authors review recent literature regarding the full list of nosological entities related to the OMB, point out the interaction between the microbiome and sex hormones with regard to their role in autoimmunity and discuss novel and promising therapeutic approaches for systemic autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the question arises of whether the OMB is associated with oral bullous autoimmune diseases.

Gender Variations in the Oral Microbiomes of Elderly Patients with Initial Periodontitis

“…The human oral cavity is composed of unique niches colonized by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, which create a rich microbial community known as the oral microbiome [ 1 ]. These communities of microbes are highly dynamic and responsible for various functions that can both maintain and deplete oral health.…”

Impacts of changes in intestinal flora on the metabolism of Sprague–Dawley rats

“…From Figure 1 , the metabolic profile of the Salmonella group was gradually away from the healthy state, indicating that the impact of inflammation of the body was relative high on the metabolism. Previous studies suggested that intestinal metabolites can be involved in the control of inflammation by controlling mechanisms of neutrophil chemotaxis, and their activity may affect the regulation of inflammatory processes in enteritis [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Another Look at the Contribution of Oral Microbiota to the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Narrative Review

“…Stress contributes to increase gut permeability, and this may explain why it often precedes RA flares. Sex hormones also interact with the equilibrium between microbial habitats and the host immune response [89]. Therefore, longitudinal analyses of oral, gut, blood, and synovium microbiomes might be separately analyzed in males and females, and in young versus old, especially as RA is mostly a female disorder (three of four of patients are female).…”