The Possible Role of Radiofrequency Radiation in the Development of Uveal Melanoma

Stang, Andreas; Anastassiou, Gerasimos; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Bromen, Katja; Bornfeld, Norbert; Jöckel, Karl‐Heinz

doi:10.1097/00001648-200101000-00003

Cited by 117 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Information in those studies was usually limited to ever vs. never use or total period of usage (Savitz et al, 1990;London et al, 1991;Greiser, 1996;Preston-Martin et al, 1996;Dockerty et al, 1998;Hatch et al, 1998;Stang et al, 2001).…”

Section: Quantification Of Lifetime Accumulated Elf-emf Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of lifetime accumulated ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances in the context of a retrospective epidemiological case–control study

Behrens

Terschüren

Kaune³

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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In Europe household appliances are a major source of indoor 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. A number of epidemiological studies have reported associations between leukemia risk and personal use of household appliances. In the ''Norddeutsche Leuka¨mie und Lymphomstudie'' (NLL), which was conducted in Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony) between 1997 and 2001, lifetime use of a preselected array of electric appliances (microwave ovens, hair-dryers, motorized electrical alarm clocks (i.e. that use a motor to move their hands or digits), electric blankets and pillows, heated waterbeds, computers with conventional screens, TVs, and electric sewing machines) was recorded in a standardized, personal, computerized interview. Exposure was assessed on three different levels of precision: ever use, cumulative appliance-years, and average time of daily use. Additional questions referred to exposure modifying factors, including distance from screen while watching TV, position of an alarm clock at the bed etc.). Exposure to ELF-EMF from household appliances was quantified as ever vs. never use, gross and net appliance-years of lifetime use and cumulative mT-hours. Flux densities were based on measurements of appliances from the published literature. These were used as weighting factors to account for the different device-specific contributions to overall ELF-EMF exposure. Resulting distributions (as quartiles) for exposure scores revealed systematic differences for different levels of precision. Our analysis indicates that valid assessment of ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances should be based on the highest possible degree of precision and hence provides a considerable challenge in analytic epidemiology.

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Section: Quantification Of Lifetime Accumulated Elf-emf Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of lifetime accumulated ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances in the context of a retrospective epidemiological case–control study

Behrens

Terschüren

Kaune³

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…A case-control study of uveal melanoma in Germany assessed occupation in terms of likely RF exposure [Stang et al, 2001]. There was a significant association with radio sets or mobile phones, odds ratio 3.0 (95% confidence limits 1.4-6.3).…”

Section: Studies Of Ocular Melanoma and Mobile Phone Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological studies of radio frequency exposures and human cancer

Elwood

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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Epidemiological studies of radio frequency (RF) exposures and human cancers include studies of military and civilian occupational groups, people who live near television and radio transmitters, and users of mobile phones. Many types of cancer have been assessed, with particular attention given to leukemia and brain tumors. The epidemiological results fall short of the strength and consistency of evidence that is required to come to a conclusion that RF emissions are a cause of human cancer. Although the epidemiological evidence in total suggests no increased risk of cancer, the results cannot be unequivocally interpreted in terms of cause and effect. The results are inconsistent, and most studies are limited by lack of detail on actual exposures, short follow-up periods, and the limited ability to deal with other relevant factors. In some studies, there may be substantial biases in the data used. For these same reasons, the studies are unable to confidently exclude any possibility of an increased risk of cancer. Further research to clarify the situation is justified. Priorities include further studies of leukemia in both adults and children, and of cranial tumors in relationship to mobile phone use.

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“…Such concerns have spawned a series of epidemiological studies focusing on the association between mobile phone use and cancer risk (Rothman et al, 1996;Dreyer et al, 1999;Hardell et al, 1999Hardell et al, , 2000Hardell et al, , 2001Hardell et al, , 2002aHardell et al, , b, 2003aHardell et al, , b, 2005Hardell et al, , 2006Muscat et al, 2000Muscat et al, , 2002Inskip et al, 2001;Johansen et al, 2001;Stang et al, 2001;Auvinen et al, 2002;Christensen et al, 2004Christensen et al, , 2005Lo¨nn et al, 2004Lo¨nn et al, , 2005Schoemaker et al, 2005;Hepworth et al, 2006;Schu¨z et al, 2006). These studies have used primarily the case-control approach, with assessment of exposure relying mainly on participants' self-reports of phone use in personal interviews or postal questionnaires.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk

Vrijheid

Deltour

Krewski

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This paper examines the effects of systematic and random errors in recall and of selection bias in case-control studies of mobile phone use and cancer. These sensitivity analyses are based on Monte-Carlo computer simulations and were carried out within the INTERPHONE Study, an international collaborative case-control study in 13 countries. Recall error scenarios simulated plausible values of random and systematic, non-differential and differential recall errors in amount of mobile phone use reported by study subjects. Plausible values for the recall error were obtained from validation studies. Selection bias scenarios assumed varying selection probabilities for cases and controls, mobile phone users, and non-users. Where possible these selection probabilities were based on existing information from non-respondents in INTERPHONE. Simulations used exposure distributions based on existing INTERPHONE data and assumed varying levels of the true risk of brain cancer related to mobile phone use. Results suggest that random recall errors of plausible levels can lead to a large underestimation in the risk of brain cancer associated with mobile phone use. Random errors were found to have larger impact than plausible systematic errors. Differential errors in recall had very little additional impact in the presence of large random errors. Selection bias resulting from underselection of unexposed controls led to J-shaped exposure-response patterns, with risk apparently decreasing at low to moderate exposure levels. The present results, in conjunction with those of the validation studies conducted within the INTERPHONE study, will play an important role in the interpretation of existing and future case-control studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk, including the INTERPHONE study.

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The Possible Role of Radiofrequency Radiation in the Development of Uveal Melanoma

Cited by 117 publications

References 14 publications

Quantification of lifetime accumulated ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances in the context of a retrospective epidemiological case–control study

Quantification of lifetime accumulated ELF-EMF exposure from household appliances in the context of a retrospective epidemiological case–control study

Epidemiological studies of radio frequency exposures and human cancer

The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk

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