The Post-wartime Trajectory of CNDD-FDD Party in Burundi: A Facade Transformation of Rebel Movement to Political Party

Rufyikiri, Gervais

doi:10.1080/13698249.2017.1381819

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…A poor governance record as well as Nkurunziza's third term ambitions in 2015 fuelled these contestations. Faced with this threat, the CNDD-FDD retreated to its original support base, mostly men, high-ranking military officers congregated in "the club of Hutu generals" (Rufyikiri, 2017). This new power configuration relegated women to an outsider status.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once in power, the CNDD-FDD has retained its war-like organisation (Van Acker, 2016). In this civil–military organisation that the CNDD-FDD has become (Rufyikiri, 2017), where repression has proven to be an important strategy of power conservation, women cannot shape the political space ( gupanga akarere ) as one CNDD-FDD official confided to us. This recalls the concepts of strategic and statistical discrimination earlier discussed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Women's Descriptive Representation in Burundi: The Mixed Effects of Gender Quotas

Ndayiragije,

Vandeginste,

Meier

2023

Africa Spectrum

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Building on original data collected for the period between 2001 and 2020, this article contributes to the research on the effectiveness of gender quotas. It does so, first, by looking into the salience of ministerial portfolios allocated to women, and, secondly, by examining the spillover effect of the gender quotas in positions where they do not apply. We find that the implementation of gender quotas gradually resulted in women being assigned to high-salience ministerial portfolios. Also, gender quotas have produced mixed results in positions where they are not mandated. These findings can be explained mobilising a multi-perspectival argument that takes into account the history of gender quotas adoption in Burundi, the specific political context of their implementation, as well as an interpersonal resources perspective.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's Descriptive Representation in Burundi: The Mixed Effects of Gender Quotas

Ndayiragije,

Vandeginste,

Meier

2023

Africa Spectrum

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“…Existing scholarship has mostly studied Nkurunziza's party, the CNDD-FDD, in the context of the ‘rebel-to-party’, ‘politics after war’ and ‘neither-peace-nor-war’ literature. In line with the overwhelmingly critical narrative on the CNDD-FDD's pathway to (and in) power, scholars have analysed the facade transformation of the movement from an armed rebellion to a political party, as evidenced by its continued reliance on violence (Nindorera 2008; Rufyikiri 2017); the legacies of rebellion and broader authoritarian footprints on the CNDD-FDD's trajectory (Wittig 2016); the progressive departure from democratic behaviour (Burihabwa & Curtis 2019); the merging of the party and the state (Van Acker 2018); and the erosion of power-sharing provisions of the Arusha Accord (Vandeginste 2019).…”

Section: Existing Literature and This Article's Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Assuming our place in the concert of nations’: Burundi as imagined in Pierre Nkurunziza's political speeches

Filipi

Wittig²

2022

J. Mod. Afr. Stud.

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Pierre Nkurunziza died in 2020, just a few months short of completing his tenure as the first post-civil war President of Burundi. Critics have cast him as yet another rebel-turned-politician who came to office on a promise of a democratic transformation but became progressively authoritarian, particularly during his third, disputed term in office. As a political figure, however, Nkurunziza remains poorly understood. What kind of a worldview motivated his politics? Drawing on critical discourse analysis, we identify three recurring themes in Nkurunziza's key political speeches: anti-colonialism; unity and self-sufficiency; and discourse around ‘politics of a new beginning’. These themes were stable across time, indicating Nkurunziza's consistent worldview, but became more pronounced and radical as he faced growing challenges to his legitimacy from within and without. Far from being confined to rhetoric, the themes also manifested in concrete policy decisions, underscoring the urgent need to take ideology seriously in understanding the political trajectories of African leaders.

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“…More sophisticated versions of this argument emphasize the opportunism and brutal violence that characterized the CNDD-FDD as a rebel movement, which carried on once it became the ruling party (Hirschy and Lafont 2015: 175). The party is plagued by a ‘ réflexe du maquis ’ (reflex of the bush) developed during the armed struggle, which has continued to structure its governance tactics in the post-2005 peacetime (Rufyikiri 2017: 224). This focus echoes the conceptual literature on African rebel groups that depicts such groups as non-ideological (Collier and Hoeffler 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Limits of Resistance Ideologies? The CNDD-FDD and the Legacies of Governance in Burundi

Burihabwa¹,

Curtis²

2019

Gov. & oppos.

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Why is it that ruling parties with origins as rebel movements fighting against perceived injustices and exclusion often abandon the ideas and visions of state transformation that they had articulated when they were fighting? Using the case of the Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie–Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie (CNDD-FDD) in Burundi, this article shows that rather than experiencing an abrupt ideological change when the CNDD-FDD became a ruling party, there had always been ideological divergence within the movement. Over time, progressive ideas of inclusive state transformation were repeatedly sidelined in favour of a focus on resistance, and then state capture. Paradoxically, then, once it became a ruling party the CNDD-FDD reverted to governance practices that were akin to those that had led it to take up arms in the first place. This is not because of an absence of commitment to progressive ideas among some CNDD-FDD members, but because the internal dynamics of the CNDD-FDD meant that those factions relying on power politics eventually gained the upper hand over those that articulated a more progressive, inclusive vision, due in part to their ability to back their ideas with force.

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The Post-wartime Trajectory of CNDD-FDD Party in Burundi: A Facade Transformation of Rebel Movement to Political Party

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Women's Descriptive Representation in Burundi: The Mixed Effects of Gender Quotas

Women's Descriptive Representation in Burundi: The Mixed Effects of Gender Quotas

‘Assuming our place in the concert of nations’: Burundi as imagined in Pierre Nkurunziza's political speeches

The Limits of Resistance Ideologies? The CNDD-FDD and the Legacies of Governance in Burundi

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